Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Biochemical measurements
Definition of MetS
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants according to MUAC quartiles
Characteristics | Q1 (n = 2524) | Q2 (n = 2409) | Q3 (n = 2427) | Q4 (n = 2427) | P value for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤26.70 | 26.71–28.60 | 28.61–30.50 | ≥30.51 | ||
MUAC (cm) | 24.93 ± 1.53 | 27.78 ± 0.56 | 29.61 ± 0.53 | 32.53 ± 1.72 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) b | 55.59 ± 8.21 | 56.06 ± 7.81 | 56.53 ± 7.62 | 56.47 ± 7.59 | < 0.001 |
Male (%) b | 24.0 | 29.1 | 37.1 | 39.1 | < 0.001 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 14.3 | 17.2 | 18.1 | 19.9 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol (yes, %) | 18.1 | 24.5 | 26.0 | 28.1 | < 0.001 |
Educational attainment (%) | |||||
0–6 years | 20.7 | 21.7 | 21.8 | 25.4 | 0.003 |
7–9 years | 50.0 | 49.1 | 48.6 | 48.2 | |
≥ 10 years | 29.3 | 29.2 | 29.6 | 26.4 | |
Physical activity (%) | |||||
Low | 70.8 | 72.5 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 0.281 |
Moderate | 21.4 | 19.6 | 21.2 | 19.7 | |
High | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 8.1 | |
SBP (mm Hg) | 126.96 ± 19.00 | 129.72 ± 18.42 | 132.23 ± 17.76 | 134.55 ± 18.94 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.02 ± 9.51 | 80.29 ± 9.71 | 81.13 ± 9.50 | 82.50 ± 9.40 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.79 ± 2.90 | 24.47 ± 2.48 | 25.46 ± 2.61 | 26.94 ± 3.08 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 78.38 ± 11.41 | 82.94 ± 8.49 | 86.54 ± 8.75 | 91.11 ± 8.77 | < 0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.20 ± 1.82 | 6.23 ± 1.73 | 6.33 ± 1.65 | 6.38 ± 1.52 | < 0.001 |
2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 8.30 ± 4.01 | 8.61 ± 3.94 | 8.91 ± 3.79 | 9.18 ± 3.73 | < 0.001 |
Insulin (mU/L) c | 6.25 (3.90–7.20) | 7.18 (4.50–8.50) | 7.75 (5.20–9.20) | 9.40 (6.10–11.50) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR c | 1.70 (0.98–1.99) | 2.00 (1.22–2.45) | 2.22 (1.38–2.68) | 2.70 (1.65–3.38) | < 0.001 |
CRP (ug/ml) | 4.79 ± 5.74 | 4.94 ± 5.85 | 5.13 ± 6.12 | 5.24 ± 6.27 | < 0.001 |
Adiponectin (ug/ml) | 12.34 (7.92–15.67) | 10.93 (6.72–13.15) | 8.17 (5.24–11.33) | 6.29 (4.78–9.75) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) c | 1.44 (0.83–1.66) | 1.67 (0.94–1.94) | 1.83 (1.03–2.13) | 1.96 (1.12–2.34) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.64 ± 1.05 | 4.62 ± 1.03 | 4.65 ± 1.04 | 4.67 ± 1.03 | 0.291 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.58 ± 0.78 | 2.59 ± 0.76 | 2.63 ± 0.77 | 2.65 ± 0.76 | 0.003 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.34 | 1.23 ± 0.32 | 1.19 ± 0.30 | 1.16 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities (%) | |||||
Hypertension | 20.8 | 25.0 | 31.4 | 36.9 | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 2.8 | 3.4 | 5.8 | 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 8.8 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 0.036 |
CVD d | 2.6 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 0.014 |
Association between MUAC and MetS
Variable | MUAC | |
---|---|---|
r | P | |
BMI | 0.334 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference | 0.437 | < 0.001 |
SBP | 0.124 | < 0.001 |
DBP | 0.123 | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose | 0.045 | 0.043 |
2-h post-loading glucose | 0.074 | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 0.348 | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 0.134 | < 0.001 |
CRP | 0.110 | 0.008 |
Adiponectin | −0.147 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol | −0.176 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol | 0.024 | 0.016 |
Triglycerides | 0.138 | < 0.001 |
ORs (95% CI) | P value for trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
MetS | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.79 (1.60–2.02) | 3.28 (2.91–3.70) | 5.77 (5.08–6.54) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.77 (1.56–2.01) | 3.25 (2.85–3.70) | 5.71 (4.97–6.56) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.55 (1.35–1.78) | 2.49 (2.17–2.86) | 3.24 (2.79–3.76) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | 1.68 (1.45–1.95) | 1.77 (1.51–2.09) | < 0.001 |
Central obesity | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 2.50 (2.22–2.81) | 5.67 (5.00–6.43) | 15.31 (13.17–17.81) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 2.47 (2.18–2.81) | 5.52 (4.82–6.31) | 14.70 (12.49–17.31) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 2.29 (2.00–2.61) | 4.69 (4.08–5.40) | 10.57 (8.93–12.52) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.41 (1.20–1.65) | 2.03 (1.71–2.40) | 3.46 (2.81–4.25) | < 0.001 |
Elevated blood pressure | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.27 (1.13–1.43) | 1.66 (1.48–1.87) | 2.15 (1.91–2.42) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 1.64 (1.45–1.86) | 2.11 (1.86–2.40) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 1.45 (1.27–1.65) | 1.65 (1.44–1.88) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | < 0.001 |
Elevated triglycerides | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.23–1.69) | 1.81 (1.55–2.11) | 2.34 (2.02–2.72) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.39 (1.17–1.65) | 1.81 (1.54–2.14) | 2.23 (1.90–2.62) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | 1.49 (1.26–1.77) | 1.52 (1.28–1.80) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.02–1.45) | 1.36 (1.14–1.64) | 1.40 (1.17–1.67) | < 0.001 |
Reduced HDL cholesterol | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) | 1.70 (1.49–1.93) | 2.18 (1.91–2.48) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.36 (1.18–1.58) | 1.68 (1.45–1.94) | 2.06 (1.79–2.37) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.29 (1.11–1.50) | 1.50 (1.30–1.74) | 1.68 (1.45–1.95) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 1.38 (1.19–1.61) | 1.46 (1.24–1.71) | < 0.001 |
Elevated fasting glucose | |||||
Model 1a | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | 1.48 (1.32–1.72) | 1.51 (1.33–1.73) | < 0.001 |
Model 2b | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | 1.51 (1.04–1.34) | 1.54 (1.35–1.76) | < 0.001 |
Model 3c | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.08–1.41) | 1.41 (1.23–1.61) | 1.38 (1.20–1.57) | < 0.001 |
Model 4d | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44) | < 0.001 |