Introduction
Materials and methods
Patient characteristics
n = 61 | |
---|---|
Dilated CM | 39 (63.9) |
Hypertrophic CM | 11 (18.0) |
Hypertensive heart diseasea
| 5 (8.1) |
Diabetic CMb
| 2 (3.2) |
Others | 4 (6.5) |
Echocardiograms
Protocol for CMR
Image analysis
Cardiac catheterization
Assessment by ACh provocation test
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | LGE(−), n = 27 | LGE(+), n = 34 |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 58.6 ± 14.3 | 59.1 ± 16.5 | 0.90 |
Sex, male | 18 (66.7) | 25 (73.5) | 0.56 |
Body mass index in kg/m2
| 23.8 ± 4.5 | 24.4 ± 3.9 | 0.61 |
Hypertension | 17 (62.9) | 20 (58.8) | 0.83 |
Diabetes | 9 (33.3) | 6 (17.6) | 0.17 |
Atrial fibrillation | 11 (40.7) | 7 (20.6) | 0.089 |
Smoking history | 17 (62.9) | 20 (58.8) | 0.89 |
Medications | |||
ACE-I/ARB | 21 (77.8) | 26 (76.4) | 0.90 |
β-blocker | 18 (66.7) | 29 (85.3) | 0.10 |
Loop diuretic | 9 (33.3) | 11 (32.3) | 0.93 |
MR antagonist | 7 (25.9) | 14 (41.1) | 0.21 |
Calcium antagonist | 5 (18.5) | 10 (29.4) | 0.32 |
Laboratory data | |||
White blood cells (per µl) | 5644 ± 2950 | 6111 ± 1155 | 0.09 |
Hemoglobin (in g/dl) | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 14.8 ± 1.9 | 0.005 |
Serum albumin (in mg/dl) | 3.94 ± 0.55 | 4.14 ± 0.42 | 0.11 |
Serum sodium (in mEq/L) | 139.6 ± 2.6 | 139.8 ± 1.8 | 0.74 |
Serum potassium (in mEq/L) | 4.24 ± 0.41 | 4.47 ± 0.41 | 0.03 |
Serum creatinine (in mg/dl) | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.052 |
ln(hs-TnT) | 0.90 (0.25–1.56) | 1.36 (0.93–1.80) | 0.12 |
ln(BNP) | 5.45 (4.17–6.72) | 5.40 (4.84–5.96) | 0.40 |
Parameter | LGE(−), n = 27 | LGE(+), n = 34 |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
LVDd in mm | 53.7 ± 6.5 | 51.9 ± 9.9 | 0.440 |
LVEF in % | 43.6 ± 13.1 | 44.8 ± 12.9 | 0.716 |
IVSd in mm | 10.8 ± 2.8 | 11.9 ± 3.3 | 0.158 |
PWd in mm | 10.3 ± 2.9 | 11.1 ± 2.4 | 0.246 |
E/A | 1.04 ± 0.54 | 1.23 ± 0.60 | 0.235 |
DcT in ms | 182.2 ± 42.7 | 205.3 ± 86.3 | 0.208 |
E/e′ | 11.2 ± 3.7 |
13.4 ± 4.0
|
0.035
|
LGE(−) n = 27 | LGE(+) n = 34 |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|
ECG change | 10 (37.0) | 13 (38.2) | 0.92 |
Chest pain | 4 (14.8) | 8 (23.5) | 0.40 |
Lactate production | 10 (37.0) |
23 (67.6)
|
0.017
|
Epicardial spasm | 3 (11.1) | 10 (29.4) | 0.27 |
Varieties | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
p value | OR (95 % CI) |
p value | OR (95 % CI) | |
Age (per year) | 0.56 | 1.39 (0.46–4.19) | ||
Male (yes) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | ||
Body mass index (per kg/m2) | 0.38 | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | ||
Hypertension (yes) | 0.49 | 1.57 (0.44–5.64) | ||
Dilated cardiomyopathy (yes) |
0.049
|
0.32 (0.10–1.00)
| 0.051 | 0.31 (0.09–1.17) |
Atrial fibrillation (yes) | 0.09 | 0.38 (0.12–1.17) | 0.23 | 0.45 (0.13–1.63) |
LVEF at echocardiogram (per %) | 0.71 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||
E/e′ at echocardiogram >12 (yes) | 0.55 | 1.36 (0.49–3.81) | ||
Cardiac index (per ml/min) | 0.62 | 1.26 (0.51–3.11) | ||
PCWP (per mmHg) | 0.51 | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | ||
LER after ACh test ≤0 (yes) | 0.019 | 3.56 (1.23–10.27) | 0.031 | 3.37 (1.12–10.17) |
Epicardial spasm (yes) | 0.16 | 2.50 (0.68–9.13) | 0.69 | 1.36 (0.29–6.39) |
Varieties | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
p value | OR (95 % CI) |
p value | OR (95 % CI) | |
Age (per year) | 0.30 | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | ||
Male (yes) | 0.45 | 0.51 (0.09–2.99) | ||
Body mass index (per kg/m2) | 0.11 | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 0.14 | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) |
Hypertension (yes) | 0.73 | 1.30 (0.30–5.54) | ||
Dilated cardiomyopathy (yes) | 0.55 | 1.56 (0.37–6.62) | ||
Atrial fibrillation (yes) | 0.51 | 0.56 (0.10–3.10) | ||
LVEF at echocardiogram (per %) | 0.58 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | ||
E/e′ at echocardiogram > 12 (yes) | 0.71 | 0.76 (0.18–3.23) | ||
Cardiac index (per ml/min) | 0.55 | 0.67 (0.17–2.55) | ||
PCWP (per mmHg) | 0.28 | 1.13 (0.91–1.39) | ||
%LGE ≥ median* (yes) | 0.046 | 5.00 (1.03–24.28) | 0.042 | 6.02 (1.07–33.86) |
Epicardial spasm (yes) | 0.007 | 18.47 (2.22–153.44) | 0.06 | 9.26 (0.88–97.83) |