Background
Methods
Study population
Variable
|
Limited performance
|
Good performance
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|
(n = 90)
|
(n =57)
| ||
Systolic LV function
| |||
Ejection fraction (%) | 34 ± 12 | 41 ± 15 | 0.003 |
Interventricular septum (cm) | 1.06 ± 0.1 | 1.11 ± 0.2 | 0.07 |
Left atrium (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 0.02 |
LV EDD (cm) | 6.4 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 0.15 |
LV ESD (cm) | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 0.08 |
Septal long axis amplitude (cm) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.21 |
Septal s’ wave (cm/s) | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 7 ± 2.6 | 0.24 |
Lateral long axis amplitude (cm) | 1.05 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.24 |
Lateral s’ wave (cm/s) | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 6.5 ± 2.5 | 0.51 |
LV posterior wall (cm) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.86 |
Aortic root (cm) | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 0.94 |
Diastolic LV function
| |||
A wave velocity (cm/s) | 58 ± 21 | 72 ± 29 | 0.009 |
Lateral a’ wave (cm/s) | 7 ± 2.5 | 8.3 ± 3.5 | 0.047 |
E wave deceleration time (ms) | 146 ± 57 | 168 ± 65 | 0.08 |
Lateral e’ wave (cm/s) | 6 ± 2.3 | 6.4 ± 2 | 0.28 |
E/A ratio | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.045 |
Septal a’ wave (cm/s) | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 5 | 0.64 |
Septal e’ wave (cm/s) | 6 ± 2.2 | 6 ± 2.8 | 0.71 |
E wave velocity (cm/s) | 69 ± 24 | 70 ± 32 | 0.75 |
Left atrial area | 27 ± 8.2 | 28 ± 8.6 | 0.88 |
Global LV function
| |||
T-IVT | 14.1 ± 3.8 | 11.8 ± 4.4 | 0.03 |
Tei index | 0.74 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.07 |
IVRT | 121 ± 35 | 99 ± 24 | 0.003 |
E/e’ ratio | 12.6 ± 6.6 | 11.6 ± 5.6 | 0.41 |
RV function
| |||
A wave velocity (cm/s) | 51 ± 15 | 54 ± 22 | 0.44 |
E wave deceleration time (ms) | 154 ± 68 | 157 ± 71 | 0.84 |
Right long axis amplitude (cm) | 2 ± 0.61 | 2 ± 0.6 | 0.93 |
PSAP (mmHg) | 44.3 ± 23 | 44.4 ± 17 | 0.99 |
Right e’ wave (cm/s) | 9.7 ± 4.3 | 9 ± 3.8 | 0.57 |
Right a’ wave (cm/s) | 15 ± 5.6 | 13 ± 4.7 | 0.24 |
Right s’ wave (cm/s) | 10.6 ± 2.9 | 11.2 ± 3.2 | 0.52 |
EDD (cm) | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 0.06 |
Data collection
Echocardiographic examination
Measurements of LV dyssynchrony
Six minute walk test
Statistical analysis
Results
Sex (female, in%) | 49.7 |
Age (years) | 61 ± 11 |
Smoking (%) | 31 |
Diabetes (%) | 33 |
LBBB (%) | 25 |
Body-mass index | 28 ± 5 |
Waist/hips ratio | 0.95 ± 0.1 |
NYHA class | 2.3 ± 0.6 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7 ± 3.3 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.3 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 9.9 ± 4.5 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 109 ± 41 |
Hemoglobine (g/L) | 128 ± 23 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 78 ± 13 |
Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of 6 MWT distance
Patients with limited vs. good 6 MWT performance
Variable
|
Limited performance
|
Good performance
|
P value
|
---|---|---|---|
(n = 90)
|
(n =57)
| ||
Sex (female, in%) | 53 | 43 | 0.26 |
Age (years) | 61 ± 12 | 61 ± 10 | 0.81 |
Smoking (%) | 25 | 44 | 0.04 |
Diabetes (%) | 34 | 30 | 0.67 |
LBBB (%) | 24 | 26 | 0.75 |
Preserved EF (%) | 30 | 40 | 0.24 |
Body-mass index | 28 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | 0.91 |
Waist/hips ratio | 0.95 ± 0.1 | 0.97 ± 0.1 | 0.28 |
NYHA class | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.09 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 0.84 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 0.16 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.25 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 9.9 ± 4.3 | 9.5 ± 5.2 | 0.66 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 111 ± 36 | 108 ± 55 | 0.74 |
Haemoglobine (g/L) | 123 ± 28 | 133 ± 16 | 0.03 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 79 ± 13 | 77 ± 14 | 0.51 |
Predictors of limited 6 MWT distance
Univariate predictors of limited 6 MWT distance
Variable
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P value (<)
|
---|---|---|
Clinical univariate predictors
| ||
Hemoglobin | 1.020 (1.000-1.041) | 0.047 |
Heart rate | 1.027 (0.999-1.056) | 0.06 |
NYHA class | 1.535 (0.878-2.685) | 0.13 |
Gender | 1.502 (0.734-3.073) | 0.27 |
Creatinine | 1.003 (0.995-1.012) | 0.47 |
Urea | 1.030 (0.950-1.117) | 0.47 |
Body-mass index | 1.028 (0.947-1.117) | 0.51 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.847 (0.394-1.820) | 0.67 |
Age | 1.004 (0.973-1.036) | 0.81 |
Echocardiographic univariate predictors
| ||
T-IVT | 0.743 (0.646-0.855) | <0.001 |
Tei index | 0.038 (0.007-0.219) | <0.001 |
IVRT | 0.974 (0.957-0.992) | 0.005 |
LV EF | 1.049 (1.013-1.087) | 0.007 |
E/A ratio | 1.526 (1.035-2.251) | 0.03 |
LV EDD | 0.714 (0.483-1.055) | 0.09 |
Right long axis amplitude | 1.832 (0.885-3.791) | 0.11 |
LV ESD | 0.781 (0.562-1.086) | 0.14 |
Left atrium | 1.272 (0.763-2.120) | 0.36 |
E wave deceleration time | 0.997 (0.991-1.003) | 0.39 |
E/e’ ratio | 1.036 (0.943-1.140) | 0.46 |
Lateral long axis amplitude | 0.708 (0.197-2.554) | 0.59 |
Septal long axis amplitude | 0.794 (0.857-3.404) | 0.76 |
Multivariate predictors
| ||
T-IVT | 1.257 (1.071-1.476) | 0.005 |
LV Ejection Fraction | 0.947 (0.903-0.993) | 0.02 |
E/A ratio | 0.553 (0.315-0.972) | 0.04 |
Haemoglobin | 0.974 (0.947-1.001) | 0.06 |
Gender | 0.535 (0.188-1.523) | 0.24 |
Age | 1.022 (0.975-1.072) | 0.37 |