Background
Aims
Methods
Study population and data collection
Leisure time computer use
Demographic variables
Lifestyle factors
BMI outcomes
Analysis
Results
Descriptives
Baseline study group | Gaming >2 h per day | Emailing/chatting >2 h per day | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||
% | % |
p
a
| % |
p
b
| % |
p
b
| % |
p
c
| % |
p
c
| |
Education | *** |
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
| ||||||
Elementary | 7 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | |||||
Upper secondary | 81 | 78 | 80 | 84 | 78 | 77 | |||||
University | 11 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 16 | |||||
Occupation | *** | *** | *** | *** |
ns
| ||||||
Working | 55 | 43 | 48 | 36 | 45 | 41 | |||||
Studying | 36 | 44 | 34 | 33 | 38 | 44 | |||||
Other | 9 | 13 | 18 | 30 | 17 | 15 | |||||
Sick leave |
1
|
2
|
2
|
5
|
1
|
3
| |||||
Parental/other leave |
0
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
| |||||
Unemployed |
7
|
7
|
15
|
24
|
14
|
11
| |||||
Computer gaming | *** | - | - | *** | *** | ||||||
Not at all | 47 | 77 | - | - | 30 | 66 | |||||
<1 h per day | 27 | 16 | - | - | 28 | 21 | |||||
1–2 h per day | 13 | 4 | - | - | 17 | 7 | |||||
>2 h per day | 12 | 2 | - | - | 25 | 6 | |||||
Emailing/chatting | * | *** | *** | - | - | ||||||
Not at all | 10 | 8 | 8 | 5 | - | - | |||||
<1 h per day | 60 | 63 | 50 | 56 | - | - | |||||
1–2 h per day | 19 | 21 | 20 | 19 | - | - | |||||
> 2 h per day | 11 | 9 | 22 | 20 | - | - | |||||
Total computer use | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
< 2 h per day | 28 | 39 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | |||||
2–4 h per day | 35 | 34 | 19 | 25 | 16 | 24 | |||||
> 4 h per day | 37 | 27 | 78 | 71 | 84 | 74 | |||||
Physical activity | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||||||
Inactive | 17 | 13 | 34 | 40 | 23 | 23 | |||||
Light | 34 | 46 | 34 | 44 | 36 | 43 | |||||
Regular or vigorous | 49 | 41 | 33 | 17 | 41 | 35 | |||||
Social support | *** |
ns
| * | * | *** | ||||||
Low | 17 | 14 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 21 | |||||
Medium | 41 | 32 | 43 | 37 | 39 | 32 | |||||
High | 42 | 55 | 40 | 41 | 38 | 47 | |||||
BMI categories | *** | *** | ** | * |
ns
| ||||||
Underweight | 3 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 6 | |||||
Normal | 69 | 73 | 57 | 59 | 64 | 68 | |||||
Overweight | 24 | 16 | 31 | 22 | 27 | 18 | |||||
Obesity | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 7 | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
p
a
| Mean (SD) |
p
b
| Mean (SD) |
P
b
| Mean (SD) |
P
c
| Mean (SD) |
P
c
| |
Min-max
|
Min-max
|
Min-max
|
Min-max
|
Min-max
|
Min-max
| ||||||
BMI | 23.7 (3.4) | 22.7 (3.8) | *** | 24.2 (4.1) | * | 24.1 (4.9) | ** | 23.5 (3.4) |
ns
| 23.2 (4.5) | * |
14.0–43.9 | 13.9–49.4 | 14.9–43.9 | 16.1–39.7 | 15.4–39.6 | 15.4–43.4 | ||||||
Sleep duration (hours/night) | 7.7 (1.0) | 7.8 (1.1) | *** | 7.7 (1.1) |
ns
| 7.9 (1.5) |
ns
| 7.8 (1.1) |
ns
| 7.6 (1.4) | ** |
3.4–13.7 | 2.0–13.4 | 3.9–12.0 | 4.3–12.0 | 3.4–12.0 | 3.0–12.0 | ||||||
Age | 22.1 (1.4) | 22.0 (1.4) |
ns
| 21.9 (1.4) | * | 21.8 (1.3) |
ns
| 21.7 (1.4) | *** | 21.7 (1.4) | *** |
20–24 | 20–24 | 20–24 | 20–24 | 20–24 | 20–24 |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline n = 952–957 | 1 year n = 745–749 | 5 year n = 953–957 | Baseline n = 1622–1636 | 1 year n = 1352–1356 | 5 year n = 1629–1636 | |
Computer gaming % | 1) | 1) | ||||
Not at all | 45 | 46 | 35 | 74 | 75 | 51 |
< 1 h per day | 29 | 29 | 39 | 18 | 18 | 37 |
1–2 h per day | 13 | 15 | 16 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
> 2 h per day | 13 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Emailing/chatting % | 1) | 1) | ||||
Not at all | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
< 1 h per day | 62 | 64 | 53 | 66 | 69 | 44 |
1–2 h per day | 20 | 20 | 27 | 20 | 20 | 37 |
> 2 h per day | 10 | 11 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 18 |
BMI categories % | ||||||
Underweight | 3 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 |
Normal weight | 71 | 70 | 61 | 75 | 73 | 70 |
Overweight | 22 | 23 | 31 | 14 | 15 | 19 |
Obesity | 4 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 8 |
BMI Mean (SD) | 23.4 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.1) | 24.5 (3.6) | 22.7 (3.7) | 22.9 (3.8) | 23.7 (4.2) |
Cross-sectional associations between leisure time computer use and overweight
Crude | Model I | Model II | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OW % | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
GAMING | ||||||||
Men | >2 h | 38 |
1.7
|
1.30–2.17
|
1.8
|
1.38–2.36
|
1.7
|
1.30–2.26
|
1–2 h | 30 | 1.2 | 0.93–1.56 |
1.3
|
1.01–1.73
|
1.4
|
1.03–1.78
| |
<1 h | 26 | 1.0 | 0.79–1.19 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.24 | 1.0 | 0.80–1.24 | |
Not at all | 27 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | >2 h | 32 |
2.2
|
1.42–3.37
|
2.0
|
1.29–3.16
|
1.7
|
1.06–2.74
|
1–2 h | 37 |
2.6
|
1.92–3.65
|
2.5
|
1.76–3.46
|
2.2
|
1.56–3.17
| |
<1 h | 26 |
1.6
|
1.32–1.96
|
1.6
|
1.27–1.91
|
1.6
|
1.28–1.95
| |
Not at all | 18 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
EMAILING/CHATTING | ||||||||
Men | >2 h | 31 | 1.1 | 0.84–1.44 | 1.2 | 0.89–1.56 | 1.1 | 0.84–1.50 |
1–2 h | 24 |
0.8
|
0.63–0.98
| 0.9 | 0.68–1.07 | 0.9 | 0.68–1.10 | |
<1 h or 0 | 29 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | >2 h | 26 |
1.4
|
1.05–1.77
|
1.4
|
1.10–1.89
|
1.4
|
1.05–1.83
|
1–2 h | 20 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.20 | 1.1 | 0.87–1.30 | 1.0 | 0.85–1.28 | |
<1 h or 0 | 20 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Cross-sectional associations between leisure time computer use and obesity
Prospective associations between leisure time computer use and overweight
1-YEAR | 5-YEAR | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Model I | Model II | Crude | Model I | Model II | ||||||||||
OW % | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OW % | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||||
GAMING | |||||||||||||||
Men | >2 h | 9 | 1.2 | 0.54–2.69 | 1.2 | 0.55–2.78 | 1.2 | 0.53–2.78 | 28 | 1.5 | 0.86–2.68 | 1.6 | 0.88–2.84 | 1.4 | 0.77–2.66 |
1–2 h | 6 | 0.8 | 0.36–1.77 | 0.8 | 0.37–1.82 | 0.8 | 0.36–1.81 | 18 | 0.9 | 0.49–1.64 | 1.0 | 0.52–1.79 | 0.9 | 0.48–1.69 | |
<1 h | 9 | 1.3 | 0.78–2.21 | 1.3 | 0.76–2.19 | 1.3 | 0.74–2.14 | 19 | 0.9 | 0.60–1.43 | 0.9 | 0.60–1.47 | 0.9 | 0.58–1.42 | |
Not at all | 7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 20 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||
Women | >2 h | 15 |
3.4
|
1.38–8.26
|
2.8
|
1.13–7.14
|
3.2
|
1.23–8.12
| 31 |
3.2
|
1.41–7.10
|
3.0
|
1.33–6.82
|
3.0
|
1.29–6.83
|
1–2 h | 9 | 2.0 | 0.89–4.49 | 1.6 | 0.66–3.74 | 1.7 | 0.71–4.10 | 32 |
3.3
|
1.83–5.78
|
2.8
|
1.54–5.11
|
2.7
|
1.45–5.01
| |
<1 h | 7 | 1.5 | 0.91–2.38 | 1.4 | 0.88–2.32 | 1.4 | 0.86–2.30 | 13 | 1.1 | 0.68–1.63 | 1.0 | 0.67–1.62 | 1.0 | 0.63–1.56 | |
Not at all | 5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 12 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
EMAILING/CHATTING | |||||||||||||||
Men | >2 h | 10 | 1.5 | 0.74–3.11 | 1.6 | 0.77–3.30 | 1.6 | 0.78–3.37 | 25 | 1.4 | 0.79–2.60 | 1.5 | 0.80–2.67 | 1.5 | 0.81–2.72 |
1–2 h | 9 | 1.3 | 0.74–2.28 | 1.4 | 0.77–2.39 | 1.3 | 0.72–2.29 | 22 | 1.2 | 0.75–1.84 | 1.2 | 0.77–1.90 | 1.2 | 0.77–1.94 | |
<1 h or 0 | 7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
Women | >2 h | 7 | 1.3 | 0.69–2.54 | 1.3 | 0.67–2.52 | 1.4 | 0.69–2.66 | 16 | 1.2 | 0.69–2.01 | 1.2 | 0.70–2.05 | 1.2 | 0.69–2.05 |
1–2 h | 7 | 1.3 | 0.84–2.01 | 1.4 | 0.88–2.17 | 1.5 | 0.93–2.33 | 11 | 0.8 | 0.51–1.18 | 0.8 | 0.53–1.24 | 0.8 | 0.54–1.28 | |
<1 h or 0 | 5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 14 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Change in BMI from baseline to 5-year follow-up
Crude | Model Ia | Model 1b | Model II | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | ||
GAMING | |||||||||
Men | >2 h | 0.19 | −0.23; 0.61 | 0.19 | −0.23; 0.61 | 0.29 | −0.13; 0.70 | 0.19 | −0.24; 0.62 |
1–2 h | 0.08 | −0.34; 0.49 | 0.07 | −0.34; 0.49 | 0.14 | −0.27; 0.55 | 0.12 | −0.30; 0.54 | |
<1 h | −0.03 | −0.35; 0.29 | −0.04 | −0.36; 0.28 | −0.01 | −0.32; 0.30 | −0.06 | −0.33; 0.26 | |
Not at all | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
Women | >2 h |
1.07
|
0.30; 1.84
|
1.04
|
0.27; 1.82
|
1.30
|
0.54; 2.07
|
1.33
|
0.56; 2.10
|
1–2 h |
0.81
|
0.25; 1.37
|
0.79
|
0.23; 1.35
|
0.96
|
0.40; 1.51
|
0.86
|
0.29; 1.43
| |
<1 h |
0.43
|
0.10; 0.76
|
0.42
|
0.09; 0.75
|
0.53
|
0.20; 0.85
|
0.51
|
0.18; 0.84
| |
Not at all | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
EMAILING/CHATTING | |||||||||
Men | >2 h | 0.07 | −0.38; 0.51 | 0.05 | −0.40; 0.49 | 0.01 | −0.43; 0.44 | −0.02 | −0.46; 0.43 |
1–2 h | −0.07 | −0.41; 0.27 | −0.08 | −0.42; 0.25 | −0.09 | −0.43; 0.24 | −0.10 | −0.43; 0.24 | |
<1 h or 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
Women | >2 h | −0.18 | −0.62; 0.26 | −0.20 | −0.64; 0.24 | −0.14 | −0.57; 0.30 | −0.17 | −0.61; 0.27 |
1–2 h | 0.05 | −0.26; 0.37 | 0.05 | −0.27; 0.36 | 0.06 | −0.26; 0.37 | 0.12 | −0.19; 0.44 | |
<1 h or 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |