Background
Methods
Sampling design and study population
Data collection and variables
Statistical analyses
Ethics statement
Results
Sample characteristics and prevalence of PI and SB
Independent variable | Total n (%) | Physical inactivity (<5 days/weeks) | Sedentary behavior (≥3 h or more) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys, no. (%) | Girls, no. (%) | Boys, no. (%) | Girls, no. (%) | ||
Demographic/biological | |||||
Age in years | |||||
14–15 | 220 (28.8) | 74 (77.9) | 103 (82.4) | 29 (30.5) | 66 (52.8) |
16–17 | 347 (45.4) | 100 (65.4) | 173 (89.2) | 60 (39.2) | 65 (33.5) |
18–19 | 197 (25.8) | 79 (72.5) | 78 (88.6) | 31 (28.4) | 28 (31.8) |
Education level of parents | |||||
Illiterate mother (reference = educated) | 286 (37.4) | 106 (70.7) | 120 (88.2) | 39 (26.0) | 44 (32.4) |
Illiterate father (reference = educated) | 102 (13.4) | 38 (70.4) | 38 (79.2) | 13 (24.1) | 14 (29.2) |
Perceived family income | |||||
Lower | 76 (9.9) | 31 (66.0) | 26 (89.7) | 9 (19.1) | 11 (37.9) |
Average | 580 (75.9) | 193 (72.8) | 270 (85.7) | 95 (35.8) | 127 (40.3) |
Higher | 108 (14.1) | 29 (64.4) | 58 (92.1) | 16 (35.6) | 21 (33.3) |
Being hunger (sometimes/mostly/always) | 129 (16.9) | 65 (84.4) | 47 (90.4) | 19 (24.7) | 19 (36.5) |
Psychological | |||||
Loneliness (mostly/always) | 180 (23.6) | 43 (67.2) | 103 (88.8) | 19 (29.7) | 57 (49.1) |
Anxiety (mostly/always) | 167 (21.9) | 47 (65.3) | 86 (90.5) | 24 (33.3) | 45 (47.4) |
Suicidal ideation (reference = no) | 120 (15.7) | 27 (55.1) | 62 (87.3) | 23 (46.9) | 38 (53.5) |
No close friends (reference = 1 friend or more) | 69 (9.0) | 22 (71.0) | 35 (92.1) | 10 (32.3) | 10 (26.3) |
Behavioral | |||||
Skipping breakfast (reference = sometimes/mostly/always) | 162 (21.2) | 40 (72.7) | 91 (85.0) | 20 (36.4) | 53 (49.5) |
Inadequate fruit consumption (<2 servings) | 341 (44.6) | 133 (71.9) | 139 (89.1) | 59 (31.9) | 50 (32.1) |
Inadequate vegetable consumption (<3 servings) | 506 (66.2) | 174 (77.0) | 244 (87.1) | 65 (28.8) | 101 (36.1) |
Not walking or biking to school (less than 5 days) | 224 (29.3) | 78 (75.0) | 107 (89.2) | 39 (37.5) | 37 (30.8) |
No attendance of physical education (2 or more times) | 113 (14.8) | 44 (84.6) | 54 (88.5) | 21 (40.4) | 22 (36.1) |
Physical fight (1 or more times) | 261 (34.2) | 128 (71.5) | 72 (87.8) | 70 (39.1) | 46 (56.1) |
Smoking (1 or more times during) | 124 (16.2) | 80 (72.7) | 13 (92.9) | 43 (39.1) | 8 (57.1) |
Alcohol/illicit drug use (reference = 0 time) | 88 (11.5) | 50 (65.8) | 10 (83.3) | 30 (39.5) | 7 (58.3) |
Absenteeism (reference = 0 day) | 325 (42.5) | 134 (71.3) | 122 (89.1) | 76 (40.4) | 74 (54.0) |
Social | |||||
Lack of peer support in school (reference = mostly/always) | 500 (65.4) | 160 (70.8) | 243 (88.7) | 69 (30.5) | 101 (36.9) |
Lack of parental supervision (reference = mostly/always) | 474 (62.0) | 161 (71.6) | 224 (90.0) | 72 (32.0) | 90 (36.1) |
Lack of parental connectivity (reference = mostly/always) | 572 (74.9) | 194 (69.8) | 255 (86.7) | 96 (34.5) | 120 (40.8) |
Lack of parental bonding (reference = mostly/always) | 511 (66.9) | 184 (71.3) | 226 (89.3) | 86 (33.3) | 93 (36.8) |
Bullied (1 day or more) | 176 (23.0) | 19 (73.1) | 132 (88.0) | 8 (30.8) | 73 (48.7) |
PI associated factors
Independent variable | Boys | Girls | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Demographic/biological | ||||
Age in years | ||||
14–15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
16–17 | 0.54 (0.30–0.96)* | 0.54 (0.29–1.01) | 1.76 (0.92–3.36) | 1.56 (0.80–3.02) |
18–19 | 0.75 (0.39–1.42) | 0.51 (0.25–1.02) | 1.67 (0.75–3.72) | 1.60 (0.71–3.64) |
Education level of parents | ||||
Illiterate mother (reference = educated) | 0.98 (0.62–1.56) | 1.19 (0.63–2.22) | ||
Illiterate father (reference = educated) | 0.97 (0.52–1.83) | 0.52 (0.24–1.11) | 0.41 (0.18–0.92)* | |
Perceived family income | ||||
Lower | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Average | 0.94 (0.40–2.21) | 1.34 (0.30–6.02) | ||
Higher | 1.38 (0.71–2.68) | 0.69 (0.20–2.38) | ||
Being hunger (sometimes/mostly/always) | 2.65 (1.36–5.15)** | 4.13 (1.95–8.75)*** | 1.47 (0.56–3.88) | |
Psychological | ||||
Loneliness (mostly/always) | 0.81 (0.45–1.45) | 1.26 (0.65–2.46) | ||
Anxiety (mostly/always) | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) | 1.57 (0.74–3.35) | ||
Suicidal ideation (reference = no) | 0.45 (0.24–0.83)** | 0.35 (0.17–0.71)** | 1.04 (0.48–2.24) | |
No close friends (reference = 1 friend or more) | 1.01 (0.45–2.26) | 1.83 (0.54–6.17) | ||
Behavioral | ||||
Skipping breakfast (reference = sometimes/mostly/always) | 1.11 (0.59–2.12) | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | ||
Inadequate fruit consumption (<2 servings) | 1.11 (0.70–1.75) | 1.37 (0.74–2.53) | ||
Inadequate vegetable consumption (<3 servings) | 2.20 (1.38–3.52)*** | 2.48 (1.51–4.08)*** | 1.05 (0.56–1.95) | |
Not walking or biking to school (less than 5 days) | 1.34 (0.80–2.24) | 1.33 (0.69–2.59) | ||
No attendance of physical education (2 or more times) | 2.53 (1.15–5.57)* | 2.89 (1.27–6.57)** | 1.18 (0.51–2.76) | |
Physical fight (1 or more times) | 1.06 (0.67–1.68) | 1.10 (0.53–2.29) | ||
Tobacco use (1 or more times) | 1.14 (0.69–1.88) | – | ||
Alcohol/illicit drug use (reference = 0 time) | 0.74 (0.43–1.27) | – | ||
Absenteeism (reference = 0 day) | 1.04 (0.66–1.65) | 1.33 (0.71–2.52) | ||
Social | ||||
Lack of peer support in school (reference = mostly/always) | 0.99 (0.62–1.59) | 1.55 (0.86–2.81) | 1.41 (0.77–2.61) | |
Lack of parental/guardian supervision (reference = mostly/always) | 1.09 (0.68–1.75) | 1.93 (1.08–3.45)* | 1.56 (0.84–2.92) | |
Lack of parental/guardian connectivity (reference = mostly/always) | 0.78 (0.44–1.38) | 0.93 (0.48–1.78) | ||
Lack of parental/guardian bonding (reference = mostly/always) | 1.08 (0.65–1.79) | 1.70 (0.95–3.04) | 1.58 (0.84–2.97) | |
Bullied (1 day or more) | 1.13 (0.46–2.76) | 1.16 (0.63–2.12) |
SB associated factors
Independent variable | Boys | Girls | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Demographic/biological | ||||
Age in years | ||||
14–15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
16–17 | 1.47 (0.85–2.53) | 1.60 (0.87–2.91) | 0.45 (0.28–0.71)*** | 0.46 (0.27–0.77)** |
18–19 | 0.91 (0.50–1.65) | 1.10 (0.55–2.18) | 0.42 (0.24–0.74)** | 0.38 (0.20–0.72)** |
Education level of parents | ||||
Illiterate mother (reference = educated) | 0.55 (0.35–0.87)** | 0.72 (0.43–1.20) | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 0.93 (0.55–1.58) |
Illiterate father (reference = educated) | 0.58 (0.30–1.13) | 0.74 (0.35–1.55) | 0.61 (0.32–1.17) | 0.70 (0.31–1.57) |
Perceived family income | ||||
Lower | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Average | 2.33 (0.90–6.02) | 2.03 (0.73–5.65) | 0.82 (0.33–2.04) | |
Higher | 2.36 (1.09–5.09)* | 1.82 (0.79–4.18) | 1.11 (0.51–2.42) | |
Being hunger (sometimes/mostly/always) | 0.58 (0.33–1.03) | 0.57 (0.30–1.10) | 0.88 (0.48–1.62) | |
Psychological | ||||
Loneliness (mostly/always) | 0.80 (0.45–1.45) | 1.79 (1.16–2.77)** | 1.42 (0.84–2.40) | |
Anxiety (mostly/always) | 0.98 (0.57–1.70) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) | 1.11 (0.64–1.93) | |
Suicidal ideation (reference = no) | 1.92 (1.05–3.54)* | 1.98 (0.96–4.06) | 2.05 (1.22–3.43)** | 1.22 (0.66–2.26) |
No close friends (reference = 1 friend or more) | 0.94 (0.43–2.06) | 0.53 (0.25–1.12) | 0.45 (0.20–1.03) | |
Behavioral | ||||
Skipping breakfast (reference = sometimes/mostly/always) | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 1.80 (1.15–2.81)** | 1.45 (0.88–2.40) | |
Inadequate of fruit consumption (<2 servings) | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | 0.62 (0.40–0.93)* | 0.79 (0.49–1.27) | |
Inadequate of vegetable consumption (<3 servings) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88)* | 0.56 (0.35–0.90)* | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.66 (0.41–1.07) |
Not walking or biking to school (less than 5 days) | 1.27 (0.79–2.05) | 0.60 (0.38–0.95)* | 0.70 (0.42–1.16) | |
No attendance of physical education (2 or more times) | 1.41 (0.77–2.58) | 0.86 (0.49–1.52) | ||
Physical fight (1 or more times) | 1.64 (1.06–2.56) | 1.49 (0.91–2.43) | 2.40 (1.47–3.92)*** | 1.41 (0.79–2.51) |
Tobacco use (1 or more times) | 1.42 (0.89–2.26) | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) | 2.14 (0.73–6.28) | 1.66 (0.47–5.87) |
Alcohol/illicit drug use (reference = 0 time) | 1.38 (0.82–2.34) | 2.24 (0.70-7.18) | ||
Absenteeism (reference = 0 day) | 1.93 (1.23–3.03)** | 1.67 (1.02–2.73)* | 2.56 (1.68–3.90)*** | 2.20 (1.35–3.60)** |
Social | ||||
Lack of peer support in school (reference = mostly/always) | 0.69 (0.44–1.08) | 0.71 (0.44–1.17) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.80 (0.50–1.29) |
Lack of parental/guardian supervision (reference = mostly or always) | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | |
Lack of parental/guardian connectivity (reference = mostly/always) | 1.21 (0.71–2.07) | 1.31 (0.83–2.06) | ||
Lack of parental/guardian bonding (reference = mostly/always) | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | ||
Bullied (1 day or more) | 0.87 (0.37–2.06) | 1.89 (1.25–2.85)** | 1.50 (0.94–2.40) |