Background
Methods
Trial design
Rationale for trial design
Target population
Choice of intervention regimen
Choice of control regimen
Blinding
Clustering
Context
Trial endpoints
Clinical (A) | Radiological/laboratory (B) |
---|---|
• Cough or cervical neck mass (≥2 × 2 cm) for > 2 weeks despite a course of antibiotics • Fever or lethargy for > 1 week despite a course of antibiotics • Documented failure to thrive, i.e. flattening of weight curve crossing centiles, documented weight loss, e.g. > 5%, moderate or severe malnutrition (Weight-for-height Z score < − 2) in relation to previous measures • Classic gibbus suggestive of spinal TB • Depressed level of consciousness, new onset seizures or focal neurological signs suggestive of TB meningitis | • AFBs or caseating granulomas on microscopy (not confirmed by culture or Xpert to be TB) • CXR suggestive of TB (concurrence between two blinded CXR reviewers, with conflicts resolved by third reviewer) despite a course of antibiotics • CSF suggestive of TB (white cell count 10-500 cells per µl with a lymphocyte predominance, protein > 1 g/dL, glucose < 2.2 mmol/L) • Pleural aspirate or ascitic tap with WBC counts, protein, and glucose levels suggestive of TB, consider ADA • CT brain suggestive of CNS TB |
Trial conduct
Index case identification
Adult index case inclusion criteria | Child participant inclusion criteria | Child participant exclusion criteria |
---|---|---|
1. Age ≥ 18 years 2. Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB diagnosed from a sputum sample within the preceding 6 months 3. Genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance to isoniazid and rifampicina 4. Written informed consent to provide routine TB episode data 5. At least 1 child household contact aged < 5 years reported to have been residing in the same household as the adult index case in the previous 6 months | 1. Child aged < 5 years who is a household contact of an enrolled adult MDR-TB index case diagnosed during the previous 6 monthsb 2. Primary residence in the household of the adult MDR-TB index case 3. Consent from the parent or legal guardian for the child for HIV testingc 4. Consent obtained from the parent or legal guardian for the child to be enrolled in the study | 1. TB disease at enrolment 2. Currently on isoniazid or a fluoroquinoloned for ≥ 14 days 3. Treated for TB in the previous 12 months 4. Known concurrent exposure to an isoniazid-susceptible (including rifampicin-monoresistant) index casee 5. Children with myasthenia gravis or Guillain–Barré syndrome |
Household assessment
Definition of household
Screening children for eligibility
Non-severe disease | Severe disease |
---|---|
• Uncomplicated LN disease - hilar or mediastinal nodes, nodes with unilateral airway narrowing, nodes with single lobe bronchopneumonia, nodes with segmental opacification (< 1 lobe) • Isolated Ghon focus • Simple pleural effusion | • Complicated LN disease (airway compression with hyperinflation or collapse or bilateral airway compression) • Expansile pneumonia (involving ≥ 1 lobe) • Ghon focus with cavitation • Miliary TB • Complicated pleural effusion (alveolar disease with effusion, pneumothorax, loculated pyopneumothorax with air-fluid level), loculated pleural effusion • Adult-type cavitary disease • Bronchopneumonic consolidation with or without cavities or visible lymph nodes • Suspected pericardial effusion (cardiac enlargement) |
Child enrolment
Randomisation
Interventions
Weight-bands (kg) | Tablets of levofloxacin 100 (n) | Tablets of levofloxacin 250 (n) | Range of resulting dosages (mg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levofloxacin 100 | Levofloxacin 250 | ||||||
Min | Max | Min | Max | ||||
3 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 10 | 17 | 13 | 21 |
5 | 6.9 | 1 | 0.5 | 14 | 20 | 18 | 25 |
7 | 9.9 | 1.5 | 0.75 | 15 | 21 | 19 | 27 |
10 | 11.9 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 25 |
12 | 15.9 | 2.5 | 1 | 16 | 21 | 16 | 21 |
16 | 19.9 | 3 | 1.5 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 23 |
20 | 24.9 | 1.5 | 15 | 19 | |||
25 | 29.9 | 2 | 17 | 20 |
Follow-up
Data collection
Adverse events
Statistical considerations
Power | Contacts who develop TB disease by 48 weeks (control arm) (%) | Intra-cluster correlation coefficients | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | ||
80%
|
5
| 1056 (2122) | 1108 (2216) | 1158 (2316) |
7
| 742 (1484) |
778 (1556)
| 814 (1628) | |
10
| 508 (1016) | 532 (1064) | 556 (1112) | |
90%
|
5
| 1414 (2828) | 1480 (2960) | 1548 (3096) |
7
| 994 (1988) | 1040 (2080) | 1088 (2174) | |
10
| 678 (1356) | 710 (1420) | 742 (1484) |