Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Measurement tools
Quality control
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics of the participants
Factors | Groups | N | % | Factors | Groups | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender
|
Male
| 7953 | 61.46 |
Breakfast
|
Never
| 249 | 1.92 |
Female
| 4904 | 37.90 |
Sometimes
| 1386 | 10.71 | ||
Missing value
| 84 | 0.65 |
Often
| 4355 | 33.65 | ||
Age
|
18~
| 459 | 3.55 |
Every day
| 6860 | 53.01 | |
25~
| 4209 | 32.52 |
Missing value
| 91 | 0.70 | ||
35~
| 4377 | 33.82 |
Sleeping time
|
Below 4
| 110 | 0.85 | |
45~
| 3094 | 23.91 |
4~
| 448 | 3.46 | ||
55~
| 692 | 5.35 |
6~
| 6251 | 48.30 | ||
Missing value
| 110 | 0.85 |
8~
| 5925 | 45.78 | ||
Region
|
North China
| 3610 | 27.90 |
10~
| 132 | 1.02 | |
South China,
| 2492 | 19.26 |
Missing value
| 75 | 0.58 | ||
Central China
| 1973 | 15.25 |
Physical exercise
a
|
Little or not
| 4683 | 36.19 | |
Northwest China
| 2695 | 20.83 |
1 ~ 4
| 1939 | 14.98 | ||
Northeast China
| 2171 | 16.78 |
5 ~ 8
| 3793 | 29.31 | ||
Marital status
|
Non-married
| 1845 | 14.26 |
9 ~ 12
| 1050 | 8.11 | |
Married
| 10619 | 82.06 |
Above 12
| 1345 | 10.39 | ||
Divorced/Widowed/Other
| 331 | 2.56 |
Missing value
| 131 | 1.01 | ||
Missing value
| 146 | 1.13 |
Work time
|
Below 6
| 1425 | 11.01 | |
Education
|
Middle school
| 105 | 0.81 |
6~
| 9506 | 73.46 | |
High school
| 685 | 5.29 |
10~
| 1273 | 9.84 | ||
College
| 11183 | 86.42 |
12~
| 386 | 2.98 | ||
Under graduate
| 738 | 5.70 |
Missing value
| 351 | 2.71 | ||
Missing value
| 230 | 1.78 |
Sedentariness
b
|
Rarely
| 5293 | 40.90 | |
Smoke
|
No
| 9082 | 70.18 |
Sometimes
| 2814 | 21.74 | |
Yes
| 3807 | 29.42 |
Often
| 2841 | 21.95 | ||
Missing value
| 52 | 0.40 |
Always
| 1913 | 14.78 | ||
Drink
|
Never
| 2990 | 23.10 |
Missing value
| 80 | 0.62 | |
A little
| 7034 | 54.35 | |||||
A lot
| 2782 | 21.50 | |||||
Missing value
| 135 | 1.04 |
HRQoL of Chinese civil servants
Scale | Means | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical health scales(PCS)
| 76.05 | 14.71 | |
Physical Functioning (PF)
| 88.50 | 15.58 | |
Role Physical (RP)
| 79.24 | 32.64 | |
Bodily Pain (BP)
| 75.95 | 19.56 | |
Mental Health (MH)
| 63.00 | 19.51 | |
Mental health scales(MCS)
| 72.01 | 15.89 | |
Role Emotional (RE)
| 68.83 | 17.39 | |
Social Functioning (SF)
| 78.62 | 19.36 | |
Vitality (VT)
| 74.39 | 37.29 | |
General Health (GH)
| 72.15 | 17.10 | |
Total Scores (TS)
| 73.99 | 14.15 |
Univariate analysis
Factors | Groups | Physical health scales (PCS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | RP | BP | GH | PCS summary measure | ||
Smoke
|
No
| 89.04 ± 14.86 | 80.44 ± 32.03 | 76.03 ± 19.32 | 63.43 ± 19.34 | 50.83 ± 8.24 |
Yes
| 87.23 ± 17.10 | 76.47 ± 33.82 | 75.67 ± 20.11 | 61.97 ± 19.87 | 50.00 ± 9.00 | |
t
| 5.698 | 6.173 | 0.930 | 3.868 | 4.906 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.352 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Drink
|
Never
| 86.54 ± 17.93 | 79.16 ± 32.37 | 75.34 ± 20.95 | 63.05 ± 19.63 | 49.95 ± 9.17 |
A little
| 89.41 ± 14.35 | 79.96 ± 32.22 | 76.12 ± 18.91 | 63.16 ± 19.57 | 50.87 ± 8.09 | |
A lot
| 88.68 ± 15.45 | 78.29 ± 33.46 | 76.30 ± 19.65 | 62.97 ± 19.05 | 50.76 ± 8.59 | |
F
| 35.901 | 2.733 | 2.145 | 0.102 | 12.723 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.065 | 0.117 | 0.903 | 0.000 | |
Breakfast
|
Never
| 73.72 ± 25.60 | 65.61 ± 35.75 | 62.23 ± 25.23 | 56.65 ± 17.10 | 44.49 ± 11.13 |
Sometimes
| 83.30 ± 20.17 | 70.39 ± 36.07 | 70.21 ± 20.68 | 58.19 ± 19.41 | 48.00 ± 10.00 | |
Often
| 88.20 ± 15.73 | 77.72 ± 33.12 | 75.77 ± 19.14 | 61.82 ± 18.89 | 50.47 ± 8.36 | |
Every day
| 90.36 ± 13.12 | 82.60 ± 30.84 | 77.75 ± 18.94 | 65.00 ± 19.71 | 51.44 ± 7.89 | |
F
| 166.341 | 77.321 | 102.348 | 67.226 | 112.097 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Sleeping time
|
Below 4
| 74.08 ± 28.35 | 66.45 ± 34.58 | 62.37 ± 25.75 | 54.99 ± 19.51 | 44.30 ± 12.22 |
4~
| 74.39 ± 25.72 | 65.03 ± 36.20 | 62.47 ± 21.23 | 53.04 ± 19.16 | 43.75 ± 11.35 | |
6~
| 87.99 ± 15.26 | 77.69 ± 33.44 | 74.30 ± 19.56 | 60.98 ± 19.63 | 50.05 ± 8.59 | |
8~
| 90.52 ± 13.50 | 82.31 ± 30.93 | 78.96 ± 18.46 | 65.99 ± 18.81 | 51.83 ± 7.57 | |
10~
| 83.83 ± 20.41 | 74.85 ± 35.19 | 76.60 ± 21.43 | 64.43 ± 20.91 | 49.20 ± 10.58 | |
F
| 152.062 | 43.233 | 116.845 | 87.831 | 131.978 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Physical exercise
|
Little or not
| 87.56 ± 15.70 | 78.15 ± 34.09 | 74.67 ± 19.82 | 59.90 ± 20.05 | 49.79 ± 8.58 |
1 ~ 4
| 87.32 ± 16.86 | 76.55 ± 33.69 | 74.51 ± 19.96 | 63.89 ± 18.53 | 50.15 ± 8.74 | |
5 ~ 8
| 88.94 ± 15.70 | 79.51 ± 31.61 | 76.37 ± 18.62 | 63.15 ± 18.74 | 50.86 ± 8.25 | |
9 ~ 12
| 90.58 ± 14.08 | 81.18 ± 31.02 | 78.37 ± 20.61 | 67.04 ± 19.00 | 52.22 ± 8.55 | |
Above 12
| 91.08 ± 12.91 | 84.67 ± 29.26 | 79.64 ± 18.96 | 69.10 ± 19.59 | 52.13 ± 7.94 | |
F
| 21.996 | 14.945 | 24.271 | 76.231 | 33.571 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Work time
|
Below 6
| 86.70 ± 17.38 | 79.26 ± 32.63 | 73.87 ± 20.23 | 62.42 ± 19.32 | 49.60 ± 9.17 |
6~
| 89.07 ± 14.76 | 80.64 ± 31.62 | 76.77 ± 18.98 | 63.95 ± 19.15 | 50.92 ± 8.08 | |
10~
| 87.55 ± 16.78 | 70.66 ± 36.86 | 72.84 ± 20.57 | 58.41 ± 20.70 | 49.49 ± 9.04 | |
12~
| 85.98 ± 19.70 | 73.05 ± 36.67 | 72.99 ± 24.17 | 59.76 ± 23.09 | 50.35 ± 11.67 | |
F
| 15.757 | 40.167 | 24.808 | 35.051 | 18.675 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Sedentariness
|
Rarely
| 90.09 ± 13.30 | 80.90 ± 31.75 | 77.12 ± 18.26 | 64.07 ± 19.18 | 51.19 ± 7.70 |
Sometimes
| 88.11 ± 15.84 | 79.07 ± 32.57 | 77.69 ± 19.66 | 64.33 ± 18.74 | 50.82 ± 8.41 | |
Often
| 90.03 ± 13.36 | 79.89 ± 32.96 | 74.22 ± 19.90 | 60.12 ± 20.68 | 50.66 ± 8.49 | |
Always
| 82.70 ± 21.41 | 74.55 ± 33.91 | 72.83 ± 21.76 | 62.59 ± 19.36 | 48.63 ± 10.18 | |
F
| 120.206 | 18.195 | 37.654 | 30.707 | 44.334 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Factors | Groups | Mental health scales (MCS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VT | SF | RE | MH | MCS summary measure | ||
Smoke
|
No
| 69.31 ± 17.22 | 79.30 ± 19.01 | 75.10 ± 37.00 | 72.69 ± 16.80 | 50.86 ± 9.31 |
Yes
| 67.64 ± 17.74 | 77.00 ± 20.07 | 72.67 ± 37.92 | 70.86 ± 17.74 | 49.98 ± 9.67 | |
t
| 4.910 | 6.022 | 3.342 | 5.431 | 4.816 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Drink
|
Never
| 68.62 ± 17.64 | 77.38 ± 20.56 | 76.58 ± 35.52 | 71.20 ± 17.72 | 50.72 ± 9.21 |
A little
| 69.02 ± 17.33 | 79.62 ± 18.80 | 75.07 ± 36.72 | 72.66 ± 16.75 | 50.82 ± 9.40 | |
A lot
| 68.83 ± 17.20 | 77.86 ± 19.14 | 71.05 ± 39.67 | 72.17 ± 17.18 | 50.12 ± 9.62 | |
F
| 0.591 | 17.712 | 17.570 | 7.694 | 5.700 | |
P
| 0.554 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | |
Breakfast
|
Never
| 58.90 ± 17.20 | 62.34 ± 23.04 | 61.74 ± 39.12 | 56.62 ± 16.81 | 44.64 ± 9.29 |
Sometimes
| 62.52 ± 17.75 | 70.68 ± 21.90 | 64.52 ± 39.45 | 64.91 ± 17.30 | 46.91 ± 9.37 | |
Often
| 67.54 ± 17.44 | 77.02 ± 19.11 | 72.10 ± 38.17 | 70.55 ± 17.02 | 49.61 ± 9.36 | |
Every day
| 71.29 ± 16.75 | 81.9017.84 | 78.34 ± 35.54 | 75.25 ± 16.20 | 52.21 ± 9.10 | |
F
| 146.219 | 223.547 | 74.366 | 253.684 | 195.408 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Sleeping time
|
Below 4
| 60.85 ± 16.70 | 63.08 ± 24.15 | 58.64 ± 38.82 | 59.56 ± 18.22 | 45.41 ± 8.87 |
4~
| 58.37 ± 19.21 | 62.44 ± 23.97 | 62.35 ± 38.75 | 59.74 ± 18.14 | 45.47 ± 9.61 | |
6~
| 67.06 ± 17.45 | 77.71 ± 19.46 | 71.32 ± 38.80 | 70.87 ± 17.15 | 49.76 ± 9.67 | |
8~
| 71.57 ± 16.59 | 81.10 ± 17.88 | 78.92 ± 34.79 | 74.68 ± 16.23 | 51.96 ± 8.87 | |
10~
| 69.53 ± 17.74 | 80.14 ± 19.46 | 72.59 ± 38.65 | 72.06 ± 18.32 | 51.51 ± 9.34 | |
F
| 102.465 | 128.853 | 49.876 | 119.371 | 87.382 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Physical exercise
|
Little or not
| 66.31 ± 18.65 | 77.99 ± 19.80 | 73.25 ± 38.46 | 70.84 ± 17.68 | 49.95 ± 9.91 |
1 ~ 4
| 68.59 ± 16.46 | 76.18 ± 19.49 | 72.13 ± 37.32 | 70.73 ± 17.31 | 49.92 ± 9.07 | |
5 ~ 8
| 69.15 ± 16.26 | 78.78 ± 18.79 | 74.51 ± 36.65 | 71.89 ± 16.38 | 50.51 ± 9.04 | |
9 ~ 12
| 71.42 ± 15.65 | 78.53 ± 19.45 | 73.28 ± 38.12 | 73.46 ± 16.56 | 50.65 ± 9.11 | |
Above 12
| 75.00 ± 16.60 | 84.14 ± 17.90 | 81.73 ± 33.48 | 78.71 ± 15.38 | 54.08 ± 8.70 | |
F
| 74.817 | 36.820 | 16.184 | 62.813 | 55.101 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Work time
|
Below 6
| 69.47 ± 16.48 | 78.38 ± 19.93 | 73.83 ± 36.55 | 73.00 ± 16.48 | 51.22 ± 8.99 |
6~
| 69.92 ± 16.74 | 79.47 ± 18.74 | 76.78 ± 35.73 | 73.11 ± 16.62 | 51.23 ± 9.11 | |
10~
| 62.35 ± 20.10 | 74.01 ± 21.61 | 63.96 ± 42.45 | 66.51 ± 19.18 | 46.95 ± 10.75 | |
12~
| 60.64 ± 19.93 | 72.39 ± 21.66 | 48.79 ± 45.08 | 65.68 ± 18.65 | 44.66 ± 10.08 | |
F
| 103.041 | 43.833 | 109.333 | 77.222 | 134.325 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Sedentariness
|
Rarely
| 70.09 ± 16.76 | 80.76 ± 17.70 | 76.31 ± 36.73 | 74.17 ± 16.43 | 51.50 ± 9.22 |
Sometimes
| 70.49 ± 16.68 | 78.41 ± 19.67 | 75.98 ± 35.77 | 72.50 ± 16.92 | 51.05 ± 9.10 | |
Often
| 66.68 ± 18.64 | 79.27 ± 19.15 | 71.30 ± 39.54 | 71.33 ± 17.01 | 49.67 ± 10.03 | |
Always
| 66.26 ± 17.51 | 72.26 ± 22.05 | 71.73 ± 36.86 | 67.44 ± 18.21 | 48.95 ± 9.16 | |
F
| 46.897 | 93.495 | 16.207 | 76.918 | 47.384 | |
P
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Multiple stepwise linear regressions analysis
Scales | B | SE | β | t | P | 95%CI
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCS
| |||||||
Sleeping time
| 3.743 | 0.210 | 0.159 | 17.830 | 0.000 | 3.332 | 4.155 |
Breakfast
| 2.491 | 0.177 | 0.127 | 14.041 | 0.000 | 2.143 | 2.839 |
Physical exercise
| 1.200 | 0.097 | 0.109 | 12.416 | 0.000 | 1.011 | 1.390 |
Operating computer and sedentariness
| −0.765 | 0.083 | −0.080 | −9.186 | 0.000 | −0.929 | −0.602 |
Drink
| 0.691 | 0.208 | 0.032 | 3.314 | 0.001 | 0.282 | 1.099 |
Smoke
| −0.682 | 0.309 | −0.021 | −2.209 | 0.027 | −1.287 | −0.077 |
MCS
| |||||||
Breakfast
| 3.842 | 0.188 | 0.181 | 20.428 | 0.000 | 3.473 | 4.211 |
Sleeping time
| 3.565 | 0.224 | 0.140 | 15.934 | 0.000 | 3.126 | 4.003 |
Physical exercise
| 1.271 | 0.103 | 0.107 | 12.335 | 0.000 | 1.069 | 1.473 |
Operating computer and sedentariness
| −1.046 | 0.089 | −0.101 | −11.788 | 0.000 | −1.220 | −0.872 |
Work time
| −1.628 | 0.166 | −0.084 | −9.792 | 0.000 | −1.954 | −1.302 |
TS
| |||||||
Breakfast
| 3.195 | 0.167 | 0.169 | 19.125 | 0.000 | 2.868 | 3.523 |
Sleeping time
| 3.675 | 0.199 | 0.162 | 18.457 | 0.000 | 3.285 | 4.066 |
Physical exercise
| 1.228 | 0.092 | 0.116 | 13.392 | 0.000 | 1.048 | 1.408 |
Operating computer and sedentariness
| −0.909 | 0.079 | −0.099 | −11.522 | 0.000 | −1.064 | −0.755 |
Work time
| −0.954 | 0.148 | −0.055 | −6.440 | 0.000 | −1.245 | −0.664 |
Drink
| 0.426 | 0.181 | 0.020 | 2.348 | 0.019 | 0.070 | 0.782 |