Background
Methods
Study design and population
The questionnaire
Statistical analyses
Results
Number | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Total | 49 706 | 100.0 |
Gender | ||
Men | 23 240 | 46.8 |
Women | 26 466 | 53.2 |
Age | ||
20–39 | 12 251 | 24.6 |
40–59 | 20 305 | 40.9 |
60–79 | 15 748 | 31.7 |
> 80 | 1 402 | 2.8 |
Smoking status* | ||
Never | 21 895 | 45.9 |
Former | 15 529 | 32.5 |
Current | 2 082 | 21.6 |
Alcohol intake* | ||
0 units/week | 3 668 | 7.7 |
1–7 units/week | 23 321 | 66.3 |
8–21 units/week | 10 708 | 22.4 |
≥ 22 units/week | 1 729 | 3.6 |
Body Mass Index* | ||
Underweight (<18.5) | 756 | 1.6 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 23 168 | 48.7 |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 16 668 | 35.0 |
Obese (≥30) | 6 990 | 14.7 |
Symptom experience | Contact to GP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
n
| %* | 95 % CI |
P-valuea
| |
Total | 7 870 | 3 080 | 39.6 | 38.5–40.7 | |
Gender | 0.047 | ||||
Men | 3 978 | 1 483 | 38.5 | 37.7–40.1 | |
Women | 3 892 | 1 597 | 40.7 | 39.2–42.3 | |
Age | <0.001 | ||||
20–39 | 1 643 | 435 | 26.7 | 24.6–29.0 | |
40–59 | 2 794 | 989 | 35.6 | 33.8–37.4 | |
60–79 | 3 044 | 1 462 | 48.7 | 46.9–50.3 | |
> 80 | 389 | 194 | 52.7 | 47.5–50.5 | |
Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
Never | 2 480 | 979 | 39.5 | 37.5–41.4 | |
Former | 2 488 | 1 196 | 48.1 | 46.1–50.1 | |
Current | 2 519 | 788 | 31.3 | 29.5–33.1 | |
Alcohol intake | <0.001 | ||||
0 units/week | 813 | 383 | 47.1 | 43.6–50.6 | |
1–7 units/week | 3 114 | 1750 | 39.5 | 38.0–40.9 | |
8–21 units/week | 1 828 | 685 | 37.5 | 35.2–39.7 | |
≥ 22 units/week | 409 | 144 | 35.2 | 30.6–40.1 | |
Body Mass Index | <0.001 | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 154 | 64 | 41.6 | 33.7–49.8 | |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 3 214 | 1 201 | 37.4 | 35.7–39.1 | |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 2 644 | 1 048 | 39.6 | 37.8–41.5 | |
Obese (≥30) | 1 435 | 631 | 44.0 | 41.4–46.6 |
Prolonged coughing | Shortness of breath | Coughing up blood | Prolonged hoarseness | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptom experience | Contact to GP | Symptom experience | Contact to GP | Symptom experience | Contact to GP | Symptom experience | Contact to GP | |||||||||||||
n
|
n
| %* | 95 % CI |
P-valuea
|
n
|
n
| %* | 95 % CI |
P-valuea
|
n
|
n
| %* | 95 % CI |
P-valueb
|
n
|
n
| %* | 95 % CI |
P-valuea
| |
Total | 4 180 | 1 438 | 34.7 | 33.2–36.7 | 3 960 | 1 936 | 49.7 | 48.1–51.3 | 62 | 29 | 47.5 | 34.6–60.7 | 1 694 | 458 | 27.4 | 25.2–29.6 | ||||
Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.586 | 0.274 | ||||||||||||||||
Men | 2 095 | 658 | 31.7 | 29.7–33.8 | 1 912 | 960 | 50.9 | 48.6–53.2 | 42 | 18 | 43.9 | 28.5–60.3 | 813 | 210 | 26.1 | 23.1–29.3 | ||||
Women | 2 085 | 780 | 37.7 | 35.6–39.8 | 2 048 | 976 | 48.5 | 46.3–50.7 | 20 | 11 | 55.0 | 31.5–76.9 | 881 | 248 | 28.5 | 25.5–31.6 | ||||
Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.295 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
20–39 | 813 | 184 | 22.9 | 20.0–25.9 | 880 | 288 | 33.1 | 29.9–36.3 | 18 | 8 | 44.4 | 21.5–69.2 | 303 | 32 | 10.7 | 7.4–14.7 | ||||
40–59 | 1 452 | 435 | 30.0 | 27.6–32.4 | 1 423 | 632 | 44.8 | 42.2–47.5 | 23 | 8 | 36.4 | 17.2–59.3 | 519 | 136 | 26.4 | 22.6–30.4 | ||||
60–79 | 1 696 | 723 | 43.0 | 40.7–45.4 | 1 457 | 883 | 61.8 | 59.2–64.3 | 23 | 12 | 60.0 | 36.1–80.1 | 750 | 251 | 34.1 | 30.7–37.7 | ||||
> 80 | 219 | 96 | 45.7 | 38.9–52.7 | 200 | 133 | 71.1 | 64.1–77.5 | 1** | 1 | 100.0 | 36.1–80.1 | 122 | 39 | 32.0 | 23.8–41.0 | ||||
Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.340 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
Never | 1 262 | 482 | 38.2 | 35.5–40.9 | 1 224 | 562 | 45.9 | 43.1–48.8 | 19 | 7 | 36.8 | 16.3–61.6 | 567 | 165 | 29.1 | 25.4–33.0 | ||||
Former | 1 097 | 471 | 42.9 | 40.0–45.9 | 1 387 | 809 | 58.3 | 55.7–60.9 | 20 | 12 | 60.0 | 36.1–80.9 | 617 | 193 | 31.3 | 27.6–35.1 | ||||
Current | 1 635 | 428 | 26.2 | 24.1–28.4 | 1 131 | 490 | 43.3 | 40.4–46.3 | 18 | 10 | 55.6 | 30.8–78.5 | 430 | 88 | 20.5 | 16.7–24.6 | ||||
Alcohol intake | <0.001 | 0.142 | 0.281 | 0.239 | ||||||||||||||||
0 units/week | 409 | 175 | 42.8 | 37.9–47.7 | 489 | 267 | 45.6 | 50.1–59.1 | 7 | 5 | 71.4 | 23.9–96.3 | 167 | 53 | 31.7 | 24.8–39.4 | ||||
1–7 units/week | 1 642 | 806 | 35.2 | 33.2–37.2 | 1 510 | 1 105 | 48.9 | 46.9–51.0 | 25 | 19 | 55.9 | 37.9–72.8 | 706 | 282 | 28.4 | 25.6–31.3 | ||||
8–21 units/week | 1 043 | 329 | 31.5 | 28.7–34.5 | 820 | 401 | 48.9 | 45.4–52.4 | 13 | 4 | 30.8 | 9.1–61.4 | 375 | 90 | 24.0 | 19.8–28.7 | ||||
≥ 22 units/week | 251 | 70 | 27.9 | 22.4–33.9 | 174 | 87 | 50.0 | 42.3–57.7 | 3** | 1 | 33.3 | 8.4–90.1 | 79 | 21 | 26.6 | 17.3–37.8 | ||||
BMI | 0.007 | 0.838 | 0.911 | 0.139 | ||||||||||||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 88 | 36 | 40.9 | 30.5–51.9 | 79 | 41 | 51.9 | 40.4–63.3 | 1** | 1 | 100.0 | 2.5–1 | 43 | 13 | 30.2 | 17.2–46.1 | ||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 731 | 570 | 32.9 | 30.7–35.2 | 1 494 | 732 | 49.0 | 46.4–51.6 | 25 | 12 | 48.0 | 27.8–65.7 | 734 | 183 | 24.9 | 21.8–28.2 | ||||
Overweight (25–29.9) | 1 409 | 474 | 33.6 | 31.2–36.2 | 1 297 | 642 | 49.9 | 46.7–52.2 | 19 | 9 | 47.4 | 24.4–71.1 | 556 | 162 | 29.1 | 25.4–33.1 | ||||
Obese (≥30) | 737 | 291 | 39.5 | 35.9–43.1 | 855 | 434 | 50.7 | 47.4–52.2 | 12 | 7 | 58.3 | 27.7–84.8 | 273 | 86 | 31.5 | 26.0–37.4 |
At least one respiratory alarm symptom | Prolonged coughing | Shortness of breath | Prolonged hoarseness | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| |
Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
20–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
40–59 |
1.57
|
1.45
| 1.18–1.78 |
1.54
|
1.52
| 1.12–2.07 |
1.80
|
1.71
| 1.30–2.25 |
2.38
|
2.00
| 1.03–3.86 | ||||
60–79 |
2.75
|
2.41
| 1.96–2.95 |
2.81
|
2.64
| 1.96–3.55 |
3.50
|
3.19
| 2.40–4.24 |
4.12
|
3.17
| 1.07–5.89 | ||||
> 80 |
3.41
|
2.94
| 2.05–4.22 |
3.16
|
3.06
| 1.90–4.92 |
7.63
|
6.02
| 3.33–10.89 |
4.49
|
3.71
| 1.64–8.37 | ||||
Smoking status | ||||||||||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Former |
1.52
|
1.19
| 1.00–1.42 | 1.26 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.27 |
1.90
|
1.36
| 1.04–1.73 | 1.45 | 1.13 | 0.77–1.68 | ||||
Current |
0.62
|
0.59
| 0.49–0.71 |
0.53
|
0.50
| 0.39–0.64 |
0.78
|
0.67
| 0.51–0.86 |
0.61
| 0.65 | 0.40–1.06 | ||||
Alcohol intake | 0.020b
| 0.040b
| 0.103b
| 0.892b
| ||||||||||||
0 units/week | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
1–7 units/week |
0.68
|
0.63
| 0.49–0.71 | 0.78 |
0.69
| 0.47–1.00 |
0.64
|
0.61
| 0.43–0.87 | 1.2 | 1.07 | 0.56–2.07 | ||||
8–21 units/week |
0.69
|
0.63
| 0.49–0.82 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.46–1.00 |
0.70
|
0.60
| 0.41–0.87 | 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.52–2.04 | ||||
≥ 22 units/week |
0.63
|
0.59
| 0.48–0.82 |
0.61
|
0.54
| 0.33–0.87 | 0.68 |
0.62
| 0.39–1.00 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 0.50–2.67 | ||||
Body Mass Index | ||||||||||||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 0.88 | 0.98 | 0.46–2.90 | 1.84 | 2.41 | 0.96–6.01 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.20–4.62 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.05–3.83 | ||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Overweight (25–29.9) | 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.15 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.80–1.24 | 0.87 |
0.76
| 0.61–0.96 |
1.46
| 1.29 | 0.90–1.87 | ||||
Obese (≥30) |
1.38
| 1.21 | 1.00–1.46 |
1.52
|
1.36
| 1.03–1.79 | 0.95 |
0.75
| 0.58–0.98 | 1.18 | 1.10 | 0.67–1.79 |
At least one respiratory alarm symptom | Prolonged coughing | Shortness of breath | Prolonged hoarseness | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| OR | Adj. ORa
| 95 % CI |
P-valuec
| |
Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
20–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
40–59 |
1.48
|
1.47
| 1.21–1.77 |
1.33
|
1.4
| 1.05–1.87 |
1.52
|
1.49
| 1.17–1.91 |
3.51
|
3.41
| 1.95–5.98 | ||||
60–79 |
2.51
|
2.52
| 2.08–3.04 |
2.23
|
2.33
| 1.76–3.08 |
3.09
|
3.31
| 2.56–4.28 |
4.61
|
4.74
| 2.73–8.23 | ||||
> 80 |
2.78
|
2.37
| 1.70–3.32 |
2.58
|
2.13
| 1.31–3.46 |
3.70
|
3.26
| 2.05–5.18 |
3.52
|
3.45
| 1.62–7.37 | ||||
Smoking status | ||||||||||||||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Former |
1.33
|
1.20
| 1.02–1.41 | 1.23 | 1.14 | 0.90–1.45 |
1.39
| 1.17 | 0.94–1.47 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.13 | ||||
Current |
0.79
|
0.83
| 0.70–0.98 |
0.64
|
0.67
| 0.53–0.83 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.84–1.33 |
0.66
| 0.73 | 0.49–1.09 | ||||
Alcohol intake | <0.001b
| <0.001b
| 0.004b
| 0.016b
| ||||||||||||
0 units/week | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
1–7 units/week |
0.77
|
0.72
| 0.59–0.88 | 0.72 |
0.67
| 0.50–0.88 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.64–1.06 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.45–1.10 | ||||
8–21 units/week |
0.64
|
0.57
| 0.44–0.72 |
0.55
|
0.51
| 0.36–0.71 | 0.75 |
0.60
| 0.43–0.83 | 0.48 |
0.46
| 0.26–0.83 | ||||
≥ 22 units/week |
0.53
|
0.48
| 0.28–0.80 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.28–1.03 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.31–1.64 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.17–2.01 | ||||
Body Mass Index | ||||||||||||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 1.26 | 1.19 | 0.81–1.74 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 0.67–1.89 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 0.63–1.76 | 1.68 | 1.76 | 0.80–3.86 | ||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Overweight (25–29.9) |
1.17
| 1.03 | 0.88–1.21 | 1.06 | 0.92 | 0.74–1.15 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.24 | 1.04 | 0.89 | 0.61–1.29 | ||||
Obese (≥30) |
1.26
| 1.11 | 0.93–1.33 | 1.20 | 1.07 | 0.83–1.38 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 0.78–1.26 |
1.59
| 1.45 | 0.96–2.21 |