Background
Aims
Methods
Sample
Data collection
Measures
Composite international diagnostic interview, DIA-X CIDI Version 2.8(TR)
Sociodemographic data
Household income and socioeconomic status
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics among first and second generation individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds
First Generation (N = 502) not-weighted | Second Generation (N = 151) not-weighted | Total (N = 653) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Nw | %w | SE | N | Nw | %w | SE | N | Nw | %w | SE | 95% | Test | (df) |
p
| ||
Gender | X2 = 0.127 | (1) | 0.777 | ||||||||||||||
Women | 292 | 332.154 | 62.3 | 5.6 | 88 | 74.802 | 60.5 | 5.1 | 380 | 406.955 | 62.0 | 5 | 50.1 | 72.5 | |||
Men | 210 | 201.160 | 37.7 | 5.6 | 63 | 48.736 | 39.5 | 5.1 | 273 | 249.896 | 38.0 | 5 | 27.5 | 49.9 | |||
Age | X2 = 147.966 | (1.499) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
18–29 | 51 | 42.534 | 7.7 | 2 | 86 | 52.742 | 51.3 | 5.2 | 137 | 95.276 | 14.5 | 2.1 | 10.1 | 20.3 | |||
30–49 | 314 | 331.759 | 59.9 | 2.4 | 65 | 50.148 | 48.7 | 5.2 | 379 | 381.907 | 58.2 | 2.4 | 52.2 | 63.9 | |||
50–65 | 137 | 179.552 | 32.4 | 1.2 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 137 | 179.552 | 27.3 | 1.1 | 24.6 | 30.2 | |||
Marital status | X2 = 160.805 | (2.029) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Married | 347 | 375.915 | 70.4 | 5.7 | 51 | 41.196 | 33.5 | 5.2 | 398 | 417.111 | 63.5 | 4.7 | 53.2 | 72.7 | |||
Separated | 30 | 30.895 | 5.8 | 1.9 | 5 | 3.755 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 35 | 34.65 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 9.8 | |||
Divorced | 72 | 77.706 | 14.5 | 3.2 | 14 | 13.406 | 10.9 | 2.1 | 86 | 91.112 | 13.9 | 2.3 | 9.8 | 19.3 | |||
Widowed | 12 | 13.555 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.267 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 13 | 13.822 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 3.9 | |||
Never married | 41 | 36.109 | 6.8 | 1.2 | 80 | 64.227 | 52.3 | 5 | 121 | 100.336 | 15.3 | 1.9 | 11.6 | 19.8 | |||
Current partnership | X2 = 67.013 | (1) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Yes | 348 | 373.336 | 69.9 | 5.6 | 51 | 36.98 | 30.1 | 4.1 | 399 | 410.316 | 62.5 | 4.9 | 51.8 | 72.0 | |||
No | 154 | 160.844 | 30.1 | 5.6 | 100 | 85.87 | 69.9 | 4.1 | 254 | 246.714 | 37.5 | 4.9 | 28.0 | 48.2 | |||
Educational level
a
| X2 = 55.802 | (1.083) | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Low | 234 | 226.483 | 46.5 | 3.1 | 22 | 22.831 | 13.8 | 1.1 | 256 | 249.315 | 38.2 | 2.8 | 31.5 | 45.4 | |||
Medium | 105 | 103.652 | 21.3 | 1.4 | 51 | 56.387 | 34.1 | 7.1 | 156 | 160.039 | 24.5 | 2.4 | 19.2 | 30.7 | |||
High | 163 | 157.299 | 32.3 | 4.1 | 78 | 86.137 | 52.1 | 8.1 | 241 | 243.437 | 37.3 | 4.8 | 26.5 | 49.5 | |||
Socioeconomic status | X2 = 18.488 | (1.795) | 0.034 | ||||||||||||||
Low (≤ 921) | 284 | 326.743 | 72.4 | 5.7 | 75 | 71.271 | 66.7 | 5.6 | 359 | 398.014 | 71.3 | 4.5 | 61.0 | 79.8 | |||
Medium (922–1417) | 95 | 98.177 | 21.8 | 5 | 21 | 15.92 | 14.9 | 4.4 | 116 | 114.096 | 20.4 | 3.8 | 13.5 | 29.7 | |||
High (≥ 1418) | 48 | 26.358 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 26 | 19.603 | 18.4 | 4.8 | 74 | 45.961 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 13.2 | |||
Employment | X2 = 6.147 | (1.701) | 0.261 | ||||||||||||||
Yes | 230 | 230.038 | 43.1 | 6.5 | 71 | 58.02 | 47.2 | 5.9 | 301 | 288.058 | 43.8 | 5.9 | 32.1 | 56.3 | |||
No | 195 | 211.356 | 39.6 | 5.2 | 73 | 54.595 | 44.4 | 7.6 | 268 | 265.952 | 40.5 | 4.9 | 30.7 | 51.1 | |||
Housewife/−man | 77
b
| 92.786 | 17.4 | 3.1 | 7 | 10.235 | 8.3 | 3.8 | 84 | 103.021 | 15.7 | 2.6 | 10.9 | 22.0 | |||
Nationality | X2 = 70.276 | (2.148) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
German | 100 | 90.651 | 17.0 | 2.5 | 83 | 64.753 | 52.7 | 4.4 | 183 | 155.404 | 23.7 | 2.6 | 18.6 | 29.6 | |||
Turkish | 363 | 404.670 | 75.8 | 2.7 | 52 | 51.694 | 42.1 | 4.4 | 415 | 456.364 | 69.5 | 2.8 | 63.4 | 75.0 | |||
Both | 37 | 36.792 | 6.9 | 1.3 | 15 | 6.141 | 5 | 1.1 | 52 | 42.933 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 9.2 | |||
Other | 1 | 1.473 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.262 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 1.734 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 1.6 | |||
Age at time of migration | |||||||||||||||||
< 13 | 118 | 145.420 | 27.9 | 3.7 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 118 | 145.420 | 27.9 | 3.7 | 20.8 | 36.4 | |||
13–17 | 118 | 147.650 | 28.3 | 2.3 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 118 | 147.650 | 28.3 | 2.3 | 23.8 | 33.4 | |||
18–25 | 148 | 137.700 | 26.4 | 3.1 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 148 | 137.700 | 26.4 | 3.1 | 20.5 | 33.3 | |||
> 25 | 103 | 90.231 | 17.3 | 1.4 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 103 | 90.231 | 17.3 | 1.4 | 14.6 | 20.4 | |||
Years in Germany | |||||||||||||||||
≤ 10 | 59 | 51.434 | 9.9 | 1.7 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 59 | 51.434 | 9.9 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 14.0 | |||
11–20 | 124 | 132.916 | 25.5 | 1.5 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 124 | 132.916 | 25.5 | 1.5 | 22.4 | 28.8 | |||
21–30 | 102 | 105.836 | 20.3 | 2.2 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 102 | 105.836 | 20.3 | 2.2 | 16.1 | 25.3 | |||
≥ 30 | 202 | 230.815 | 44.3 | 2.0 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 202 | 230.815 | 44.3 | 2.0 | 40.2 | 48.5 | |||
Residence permit status | X2 = 12.892 | (1) | 0.017 | ||||||||||||||
Limited | 96 | 104.488 | 24.4 | 3.7 | 3 | 2.976 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 99 | 107.464 | 21.6 | 3 | 16.0 | 28.6 | |||
Unlimited | 290 | 324.105 | 75.6 | 3.7 | 70 | 65.412 | 95.6 | 2.9 | 360 | 389.517 | 78.4 | 3 | 71.4 | 84.0 | |||
Mother tongue | X2 = 82.785 | (2.811) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
German | 1 | 0.684 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 16 | 12.851 | 10.5 | 4 | 17 | 13.535 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 5 | |||
Turkish | 434 | 445.800 | 83.8 | 2.6 | 99 | 83.946 | 68.3 | 4.4 | 533 | 529.747 | 80.9 | 2.8 | 74.3 | 86.2 | |||
Both | 27 | 37.151 | 7 | 2 | 35 | 25.259 | 20.6 | 3.6 | 62 | 62.41 | 9.5 | 2 | 6.1 | 14.5 | |||
Other
c
| 38 | 48.318 | 9.1 | 2.2 | 1 | 0.794 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 39 | 49.111 | 7.5 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 12.5 | |||
Language at home | X2 = 36.621 | (2.424) | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
German | 53 | 48.684 | 9.3 | 1.1 | 46 | 32.971 | 27 | 4.6 | 99 | 81.656 | 12.6 | 1.7 | 9.5 | 16.5 | |||
Turkish | 346 | 366.189 | 69.7 | 2.7 | 57 | 57.557 | 47.2 | 6.2 | 403 | 423.746 | 65.5 | 2.8 | 59.3 | 71.2 | |||
Both | 90 | 100.963 | 19.2 | 2.3 | 47 | 31.537 | 25.8 | 4.1 | 137 | 132.500 | 20.5 | 1.9 | 16.8 | 24.7 | |||
Other
c
| 7 | 9.278 | 1.8 | 0.9 | ** | ** | ** | ** | 7 | 9.278 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 4.0 |
Lifetime rates of DSM-IV mental disorders among first and second generation individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds
First Generation (N = 502) not-weighted | Second Generation (N = 151) not-weighted | Total (N = 653) not-weighted | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | %w | SE | n | %w | SE | N | %w | SE | 95% | OR | (95%) | CI | Test | (df) | p | |
Mood Disorder | ||||||||||||||||
Unipolar depression | 154 | 32.9 | 2.6 | 37 | 26.6 | 3.6 | 191 | 31.7 | 2.1 | 27.5 - 36.2 | 0.740 | 0.451 | 1.219 | X2 = 1.805 | (1) | 0.221 |
Any bipolar disorder | 98 | 20.9 | 2.4 | 49 | 35.6 | 5 | 147 | 23.7 | 2.2 | 19.3 - 28.6 | 2.109 | 1.234 | 3.606 | X2 = 11.924 | (1) | 0.009 |
Major depressive disorder | 75 | 14.9 | 2.2 | 20 | 7.4 | 2.5 | 95 | 13.5 | 1.9 | 10 - 18 | 0.453 | 0.199 | 1.03 | X2 = 4.806 | (1) | 0.055 |
Dysthymia (with hierarchy) | 79 | 18 | 1.7 | 17 | 19.2 | 2.2 | 96 | 18.2 | 1.4 | 15.4 - 21.4 | 1.095 | 0.754 | 1.592 | X2 = 0.103 | (1) | 0.655 |
Any mood disorder | 197 | 42.9 | 3 | 58 | 37.7 | 5.3 | 255 | 41.9 | 2.2 | 37.3 - 46.7 | 0.805 | 0.433 | 1.498 | X2 = 1.106 | (1) | 0.474 |
Anxiety Disorder | ||||||||||||||||
Panic disorder | 57 | 13.2 | 1.7 | 14 | 11.7 | 4.2 | 71 | 12.9 | 2.0 | 9.3 - 17.6 | 0.883 | 0.451 | 1.729 | X2 = 0.199 | (1) | 0.674 |
Agoraphobia | 103 | 21.6 | 1.9 | 22 | 16 | 5 | 125 | 20.5 | 1.7 | 17.1 - 24.4 | 0.699 | 0.301 | 1.624 | X2 = 1.862 | (1) | 0.374 |
Social phobia | 27 | 6 | 1.4 | 11 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 38 | 6.1 | 1.1 | 4.1 - 8.8 | 1.041 | 0.569 | 1.907 | X2 = 0.012 | (1) | 0.873 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 17 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 4 | 2 | 1.3 | 21 | 2.6 | 1 | 1.1 - 5.7 | 0.726 | 0.301 | 1.748 | X2 = 0.203 | (1) | 0.460 |
Specific phobias | 98 | 19.7 | 2.3 | 27 | 22.1 | 1.8 | 125 | 20.2 | 1.9 | 16.5 - 24.4 | 1.164 | 0.776 | 1.745 | X2 = 0.349 | (1) | 0.458 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 47 | 9.2 | 1.6 | 14 | 8.9 | 2.2 | 61 | 9.1 | 1.1 | 7 - 11.7 | 0.993 | 0.419 | 2.355 | X2 = 0.006 | (1) | 0.946 |
Any anxiety disorder | 172 | 35.6 | 2 | 52 | 36.5 | 5.3 | 224 | 35.7 | 1.9 | 31.9 - 39.8 | 1.040 | 0.617 | 1.756 | X2 = 0.034 | (1) | 0.880 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 96 | 19.7 | 3.8 | 35 | 18.8 | 3.6 | 131 | 19.5 | 3.2 | 13.7 - 27 | 0.950 | 0.47 | 1.919 | X2 = 0.054 | (1) | 0.859 |
Eating Disorder | ||||||||||||||||
Anorexia nervosa | 23 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 6 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 29 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 2.9 - 7 | 0.687 | 0.166 | 2.835 | X2 = 0.470 | (1) | 0.588 |
Bulimia nervosa | 10 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 12 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.1 - 3.2 | 0.351 | 0.065 | 1.886 | X2 = 0.997 | (1) | 0.191 |
Any eating disorder | 31 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 8 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 39 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 4.6 - 7.5 | 0.638 | 0.185 | 2.199 | X2 = 0.830 | (1) | 0.458 |
Substance use disorder | ||||||||||||||||
Alcohol abuse | 48 | 7.6 | 0.7 | 15 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 63 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 6 - 9.7 | 1.030 | 0.423 | 2.509 | X2 = 0.006 | (1) | 0.945 |
Alcohol dependence | 14 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 4 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 18 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 2 - 4 | 0.883 | 0.213 | 3.653 | X2 = 0.036 | (1) | 0.862 |
Medication abuse | 8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 10 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 - 4.5 | 1.775 | 0.372 | 8.469 | X2 = 0.840 | (1) | 0.441 |
Medication dependence | 5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 - 4.7 | 2.397 | 0.853 | 6.736 | X2 = 1.085 | (1) | 0.082 |
Nicotine dependence | 203 | 41.4 | 2.7 | 40 | 29.7 | 6.1 | 243 | 39.2 | 2.3 | 34.6 - 44.1 | 0.596 | 0.292 | 1.216 | X2 = 5.684 | (1) | 0.144 |
Any substance use disorder | 224 | 44.4 | 2.3 | 48 | 34.3 | 7.4 | 272 | 42.5 | 2 | 38.4 - 46.7 | 0.654 | 0.299 | 1.432 | X2 = 4.071 | (1) | 0.270 |
Any substance use disorder (without nicotine dependence) | 55 | 9.2 | 0.7 | 18 | 12.2 | 3.8 | 73 | 9.8 | 1 | 7.9 - 12 | 1.379 | 0.654 | 2.908 | X2 = 1.059 | (1) | 0.374 |
Somatoform disorder | ||||||||||||||||
Pain disorder | 128 | 26.9 | 3.6 | 39 | 27.8 | 5.1 | 167 | 27.1 | 3.4 | 20.5 - 34.8 | 1.051 | 0.62 | 1.782 | X2 = 0.041 | (1) | 0.859 |
SSI4,6 (Undifferenzierte somatoforme Störung) | 67 | 12.9 | 1.8 | 11 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 78 | 12 | 1.6 | 9 - 15.9 | 0.609 | 0.278 | 1.336 | X2 = 2.104 | (1) | 0.183 |
Any somatoform disorder or syndrome | 167 | 34.1 | 3.7 | 43 | 31.9 | 5.7 | 210 | 33.7 | 3.4 | 27 - 41.2 | 0.906 | 0.504 | 1.63 | X2 = 0.218 | (1) | 0.724 |
Any mental disorder | 398 | 80.4 | 1.5 | 112 | 72.1 | 7.6 | 510 | 78.8 | 1.7 | 75 - 82.2 | 0.631 | 0.269 | 1.484 | X2 = 4.018 | (1) | 0.274 |
Any mental disorder excluding nicotine dependence and psychotic disorder | 349 | 71.1 | 1.7 | 109 | 69.3 | 5.8 | 458 | 70.7 | 1.3 | 67.9 - 73.4 | 0.915 | 0.47 | 1.78 | X2 = 0.145 | (1) | 0.796 |
Comorbidity | ||||||||||||||||
One additional diagnosis | 113 | 21 | 2.7 | 37 | 24.2 | 5.5 | 150 | 21.6 | 2.2 | 17.3 - 26.6 | 1.198 | 0.558 | 2.57 | X2 = 0.611 | (1) | 0.616 |
Two additional diagnoses | 90 | 20 | 2.1 | 21 | 10.6 | 2.7 | 111 | 18.2 | 1.4 | 15.5 - 21.3 | 0.472 | 0.21 | 1.062 | X2 = 5.854 | (1) | 0.065 |
Three additional diagnoses | 66 | 14 | 2 | 27 | 12 | 2.6 | 93 | 13.6 | 1.8 | 10.3 - 17.9 | 0.827 | 0.483 | 1.414 | X2 = 0.363 | (1) | 0.481 |
Four additional diagnoses | 49 | 9.7 | 1 | 16 | 11.4 | 5.5 | 65 | 10 | 1.2 | 7.8 - 12.8 | 1.199 | 0.365 | 3.943 | X2 = 0.345 | (1) | 0.744 |
Five and more additional diagnoses | 31 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 8 | 11.1 | 5.1 | 39 | 7.3 | 1.2 | 5 - 10.3 | 1.893 | 0.618 | 5.799 | X2 = 3.285 | (1) | 0.263 |
Sociodemographic correlates of major diagnostic groups
Any mood disorder | Any anxiety disorder | Any eating disorder | Any substance use disorder | Any somatoform disorder/syndrome | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | (95%) | p | OR | CI | (95%) | p | OR | CI | (95%) | p | OR | CI | (95%) | p | OR | CI | (95%) | p | |
Male gender = yes | 0.528 | 0.364 | 0.767 | 0.001 | 0.409 | 0.277 | 0.603 | <0.001 | 0.273 | 0.109 | 0.687 | 0.006 | 5.714 | 3.011 | 10.84 | <0.001 | 0.421 | 0.283 | 0.625 | <0.001 |
Age (continuous) | 1.023 | 1.005 | 1.042 | 0.015 | 1.012 | 0.993 | 1.031 | 0.215 | 0.987 | 0.952 | 1.023 | 0.467 | 1.029 | 0.999 | 1.060 | 0.061 | 1.032 | 1.012 | 1.052 | 0.001 |
Current partnership = no | 2.021 | 1.378 | 2.963 | <0.001 | 1.128 | 0.766 | 1.661 | 0.542 | 1.506 | 0.715 | 3.169 | 0.281 | 1.555 | 0.846 | 2.855 | 0.155 | 0.948 | 0.638 | 1.409 | 0.790 |
Educational level low = yes | 1.322 | 0.890 | 1.962 | 0.167 | 1.111 | 0.743 | 1.659 | 0.608 | 1.288 | 0.590 | 2.808 | 0.525 | 0.998 | 0.528 | 1.886 | 0.996 | 1.135 | 0.755 | 1.706 | 0.544 |
Socioeconomic status low = yes | 1.118 | 0.754 | 1.657 | 0.580 | 1.419 | 0.945 | 2.129 | 0.091 | 0.568 | 0.264 | 1.223 | 0.148 | 0.869 | 0.475 | 1.590 | 0.649 | 0.949 | 0.632 | 1.426 | 0.802 |
Nationality Turkish = yes | 0.883 | 0.577 | 1.351 | 0.567 | 0.891 | 0.578 | 1.373 | 0.601 | 2.337 | 0.835 | 6.542 | 0.106 | 0.919 | 0.475 | 1.782 | 0.804 | 0.983 | 0.633 | 1.528 | 0.940 |
First generation = yes | 0.892 | 0.527 | 1508 | 0.670 | 0.827 | 0.485 | 1.412 | 0.487 | 0.776 | 0.275 | 2.191 | 0.632 | 0.836 | 0.357 | 1.957 | 0.679 | 0.674 | 0.390 | 1.166 | 0.158 |
Language at home Turkish = yes | 0.821 | 0.555 | 1.212 | 0.320 | 0.935 | 0.628 | 1.393 | 0.743 | 2.546 | 1.032 | 6.282 | 0.043 | 0.788 | 0.430 | 1.444 | 0.440 | 0.712 | 0.475 | 1.067 | 0.099 |