Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology
Regular ArticleEstrogen Decreasesin VitroApoptosis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Women with Normal Menstrual Cycles and Decreases TNF-α Production in SLE but Not in Normal Cultures☆
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Menopause and Rheumatic Disease
2017, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :Postmenopausal status among the patients was associated with a higher percentage of cells expressing TLRs.40 Another study reported decreased tumor necrosis factor production by estrogen-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with SLE.41 Menopause has been studied in relationship to complications of SLE, especially premature atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.
Human cells involved in atherosclerosis have a sex
2017, International Journal of CardiologyImmunomodulatory effects of sex hormones: Requirements for pregnancy and relevance in melanoma
2014, Mayo Clinic ProceedingsCitation Excerpt :It has been shown that short-term and long-term inflammation leads to the up-regulation of ERα, but not ERβ, thus affecting the effects of estrogens on T cells, because T cells express ERα, while B cells express ERβ.149 It was also reported that estrogen decreases apoptosis, as well as TNF-α production.150 Estradiol-17β and estrone both have a strong affinity for binding ERα,151 which is why ERα is commonly associated with tumor promotion.
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