Regular ArticleImmunology 101 at poxvirus U: Immune evasion genes
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Genome characterization of cetaceanpox virus from a managed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)
2020, Virus ResearchCitation Excerpt :The CePV-TA possesses all 80 conserved chordopoxvirus ORFs (Lefkowitz et al., 2006; Tu et al., 2017), eight unique ORFs that did not show any significant homology with known poxvirus proteins or proteins from other organisms, and five immune evasion protein coding ORFs (Fig. 2, Table 4). All poxviruses express viral proteins to evade host immune responses (Moss and Shisler, 2001; Seet et al., 2003). For example, poxviruses express immune evasion proteins that antagonize cellular apoptosis, targeting multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways (Nichols et al., 2017).
T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders
2019, International Review of Cell and Molecular BiologyCitation Excerpt :Thus only two variola proteins, namely smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE) and vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), have been characterized and are similar in structure (Dunlop et al., 2003). These viral antigens regulate the human complement system (Yadav et al., 2008), are important for stimulating innate immunity, and also have important features for adaptive immunity, shown to bolster antiviral T cell responses including IFN and cytokine expression (Noris and Remuzzi, 2013; Moss and Shisler, 2001). VACV has been used more extensively for human immunization than any other vaccine and what was employed to provide cross-protection against VARV toward smallpox eradication (Jacobs et al., 2009).
Comparative Efficacy of Intramuscular and Scarification Routes of Administration of Live Smallpox Vaccine in a Murine Challenge Model
2017, VaccineCitation Excerpt :VACV is known to suppress the febrile response in mice, through the action of virus encoded immunomodulatory proteins [27]. Poxviruses generally encode a variety of proteins that interact with host cytokines and cytokine receptors (reviewed in: [28–31]), and route of infection has been shown to affect the composition of leukocyte infiltrates at the infection site [32]. Our data demonstrate differences between i.m. and scarification vaccinated animals after challenge with virulent VACV WR, whereby the febrile response is absent in scarified animals but present in i.m. vaccinated animals.
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