Skip to main content

Frailty

  • Chapter

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. American Medical Association White Paper on Elderly Health. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:2459.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chin APM, Dekker JM, Feskens EJ, Schouten EG, Kromhout D. How to select a frail elderly population? A comparison of three working definitions. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(11):1015–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Dayhoff NE, Suhrheinrich J, Wigglesworth J, Topp R, Moore S. Balance and muscle strength as predictors of frailty among older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 1998;24(7):18–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fried LP, Tangen C, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2001;56A: M146–M156.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Verdery RB. Failure to thrive in the elderly [review]. Clin Geriatr Med. 1995;11(4):653–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Williamson JD, Fried LP. Characteristics of frail older adults (unpublished data).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fried LP, Walston J. Frailty and failure to thrive. In: Hazzard WR, Blass JP, Ettinger WH Jr, Halter JB, Ouslander J, eds. Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:1387–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Walston J, Fried LP. Frailty and the older man. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83(5):1173–1194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Newman AB, Gottdiener JS, McBurnie MA, et al. Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2001;56A:M158–M166.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ. The endocrinology of aging. Science. 1997;278(5337):419–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Stouthard JM, Romijn JA, Van der PT, et al. Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin-6 in humans. Am J Physiol 1995;268(5 pt 1):E813–E819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Roubenoff R, Rall LC. Humoral mediation of changing body composition during aging and chronic inflammation. Nutr Rev. 1993;51(1):1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen HJ, Pieper CF, Harris T, Rao KM, Currie MS. The association of plasma IL-6 with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly. J Gerontol Med Sci. 1997;52: M201–M208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ferrucci L, Harris TB, Guralnik JM, et al. Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:639–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of “complexity” and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescnce. JAMA. 1992;267(13):1806–1809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bortz WM. The physics of frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993; 41(9):1004–1008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:171–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Buchner DM, Wagner EH. Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992;8(1):1–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, Sorkin JD. Serum albumin level and physical disability as predictors of mortality in older persons. JAMA. 1994;272(13):1036–1042.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Berkman B, Foster LWS, Campion E. Failure to thrive: paradigm for the frail elder. Gerontologist. 1989;29(5)654–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kotler DP. Cachexia. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):622–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brown M, Sinacore DR, Ehsani AA, Binder EF, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Low-intensity exercise as a modifier of physical frailty in older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(7):960–965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(25):1769–1775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Evans WJ. Effects of exercise on body composition and functional capacity of the elderly [review]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(spec no):147–150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996; 44(5):489–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hogarth MB, Marshall P, Lovat LB, et al. Nutritional supplementation in elderly medical in-patients: a doubleblind placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing. 1996;25(6):453–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Fishman PS, et al. Sarcopenia in aging humans:the impact of menopause and disease [review]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(spec no): 73–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lamberts SW. The somatopause: to treat or not to treat? Horm Res 2000;53(suppl 3):42–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Stuck AE, Aronow HU, Steiner A, et al. A trial of annual in-home comprehensive geriatric assessments for elderly people living in the community [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(18):1184–1189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Leveille SG, Wagner EH, Davis C, et al. Preventing disability and managing chronic illness in frail older adults: a randomized trial of a community-based partnership with primary care [see comments]. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998; 46(10):1191–1198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Williams ME, Williams TF, Zimmer JG, Hall WJ, Podgorski CA. How does the team approach to outpatient geriatric evaluation compare with traditional care: a report of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987;35(12): 1071–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(13): 821–827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Reuben DB, Frank JC, Hirsch SH, McGuigan KA, Maly RC. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment coupled with an intervention to increase adherence to recommendations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999; 47(3):269–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Boult C, Boult LB, Morishita L, Dowd B, Kane RL, Urdangarin CF. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:351–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Epstein AM, Hall JA, Fretwell M, et al. Consultative geriatric assessment for ambulatory patients. A randomized trial in a health maintenance organization. JAMA. 1990; 263(4):538–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Landefeld CS, Palmer RM, Kresevic DM, Fortinsky RH, Kowal J. A randomized trial of care in a hospital medical unit especially designed to improve the functional outcomes of acutely ill older patients. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332(20):1338–1344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Wieland GD, English PA, Sayre JA, Kane RL. Effectiveness of a geriatic evaluation unit. A randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311(26):1664–1670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Applegate WB, Miller ST, Graney MJ, Elam JT, Burns R, Akins DE. A randomized, controlled trial of a geriatric assessment unit in a community rehabilitation hospital. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(22):1572–1578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders: a randomized clinical trial [see comments]. JAMA. 1999;281(7):613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wieland D, Lamb VL, Sutton SR, et al. Hospitalization in the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE): rates, concomitants, and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48(11):1373–1380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fried, L.P., Darer, J., Walston, J. (2003). Frailty. In: Geriatric Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22621-4_74

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22621-4_74

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95514-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-22621-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics