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Physiological Aspects of UV-Excitation of DNA

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Photoinduced Phenomena in Nucleic Acids II

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 356))

Abstract

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mainly UV-B (280–315 nm), is one of the most potent genotoxic agents that adversely affects living organisms by altering their genomic stability. DNA through its nucleobases has absorption maxima in the UV region and is therefore the main target of the deleterious radiation. The main biological relevance of UV radiation lies in the formation of several cytotoxic and mutagenic DNA lesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs), and their Dewar valence isomers (DEWs), as well as DNA strand breaks. However, to counteract these DNA lesions, organisms have developed a number of highly conserved repair mechanisms such as photoreactivation, excision repair, and mismatch repair (MMR). Photoreactivation involving the enzyme photolyase is the most frequently used repair mechanism in a number of organisms. Excision repair can be classified as base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) involving a number of glycosylases and polymerases, respectively. In addition to this, double-strand break repair, SOS response, cell-cycle checkpoints, and programmed cell death (apoptosis) are also operative in various organisms to ensure genomic stability. This review concentrates on the UV-induced DNA damage and the associated repair mechanisms as well as various damage detection methods.

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Abbreviations

6-4PPs:

Pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts

8-AIA:

8-(5-Aminoimidazol-4-yl)adenine

8-HDF:

8-Hydroxy-5-deaza-riboflavin

8-oxo-Ade:

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine

8-oxoGua:

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine

ATM protein:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein

BER:

Base excision repair

CAT:

Catalase

CCs:

Chlorocarbons

CFCs:

Chlorofluorocarbons

CPDs:

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers

DEWs:

Dewar valence isomers

DGPY:

4,6-Diamino-5-guanidinopyrimidine

DP:

DNA polymerase

dRPase:

Deoxyribophosphodiesterase

DSB:

Double strand break

FAD:

Flavin-adenine dinucleotide

FADU:

Fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding

FapyGua:

2,6-Diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopurine

FEN:

1-Flap endonuclease-1

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

GG-NER:

Global genome NER

HR:

Homologous recombination

IC-PCR:

Immunocoupled polymerase chain reaction

LP-BER:

Long-patch BER

MMR:

Mismatch repair

MTHF:

5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NER:

Nucleotide excision repair

NHEJ:

Non-homologous end joining

OBs:

Organobromides

PIKKs:

Phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3)-kinase related kinases

POD:

Peroxidase

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

RIA:

Radio-immunoassay

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RPA:

Replication protein A

SINE:

Short interspersed DNA element

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SP-BER:

Short-patch BER

SSB:

Single strand break

TBP:

TATA-box binding protein

TC-NER:

Transcription-coupled NER

TD-PCR:

Terminal transferase-dependent PCR

TFIIH:

Transcription factor-IIH

Top1:

Topoisomerase I

TRCF:

Transcription-repair coupling factor

UV-DDB:

UV-damaged DNA binding protein

UVR:

Ultraviolet radiation

XPV:

Xeroderma pigmentosum variant

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Acknowledgment

The work outlined in this review was partially supported by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under the project No. SR/WOS-A/LS-140/2011 granted to Richa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Richa & Rajeshwar P. Sinha

  2. Emeritus from Dept. Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany

    Donat-P. Häder

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  1. Richa
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  2. Rajeshwar P. Sinha
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  3. Donat-P. Häder
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Correspondence to Donat-P. Häder .

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  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany

    Mario Barbatti

  2. Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Antonio Carlos Borin

  3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

    Susanne Ullrich

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Richa, Sinha, R.P., Häder, DP. (2014). Physiological Aspects of UV-Excitation of DNA. In: Barbatti, M., Borin, A., Ullrich, S. (eds) Photoinduced Phenomena in Nucleic Acids II. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 356. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2014_531

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