Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Persistent Postsurgical Pain: Evidence from Breast Cancer Surgery, Groin Hernia Repair, and Lung Cancer Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Neurobiology of Chronic Pain

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 20))

Abstract

The prevalences of severe persistent postsurgical pain (PPP) following breast cancer surgery (BCS), groin hernia repair (GHR), and lung cancer surgery (LCS) are 13, 2, and 4–12 %, respectively. Estimates indicate that 80,000 patients each year in the U.S.A. are affected by severe pain and debilitating impairment in the aftermath of BCS, GHR, and LCS. Data across the three surgical procedures indicate a 35–65 % decrease in prevalence of PPP at 4–6 years follow-up. However, this is outweighed by late-onset PPP, which appears following a pain-free interval. The consequences of PPP include severe impairments of physical, psychological, and socioeconomic aspects of life. The pathophysiology underlying PPP consists of a continuing inflammatory response, a neuropathic component, and/or a late reinstatement of postsurgical inflammatory pain. While the sensory profiles of PPP-patients and pain-free controls are comparable with hypofunction on the surgical side, this seems to be accentuated in PPP-patients. In BCS-patients and GHR-patients, the sensory profiles indicate inflammatory and neuropathic components with contribution of central sensitization. A number of surgical factors including increased duration of surgery, repeat surgery, more invasive surgical techniques, and intraoperative nerve lesion have been associated with PPP. One of the most consistent predictive factors for PPP is high intensity acute postsurgical pain, but also psychological factors including anxiety, catastrophizing trait, depression, and psychological vulnerability have been identified as significant predictors of PPP. The quest to identify improved surgical and anesthesiological techniques to prevent severe pain and functional impairment in patients after surgery continues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Extrapolated from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast, http://www.sages.org/publication/id/PI06/, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/lung, studies (Wildgaard et al.2011; Walters et al. 2013) and a review (Kehlet et al. 2006).

  2. 2.

    http://www.sages.org/publication/id/PI06/

  3. 3.

    Related to FACIT-G = Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy General Questionnaire

  4. 4.

    Sentinel lymph node assessment is a minimal invasive technique for detection of regional metastases. Sentinel lympnodes are identified by preoperative administration near the cancer of a radioactive isotope (Tc-99 m), followed by intraoperative tracing by a simple dye. Following excision of the sentinel lymp nodes intraoperative histological analyses are made. If signs of regional spread exist axillary lymph node excision is performed.

  5. 5.

    Nociception means to pick-up signs of imminent tissue injury. Pain is the conscious perception of nociception.

  6. 6.

    “Wind-up”-like activity describes temporal summation, i.e., repeated noxious stimuli will lead to progressively increasing pain.

  7. 7.

    In animals called the diffuse noxious inhibitory control system (DNIC)

  8. 8.

    OPRM1: μ-opioid receptor; CACNA2D2: voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit α2δ-2; ABCB1: ATP-binding cassette B1 transporter enzyme; COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase; GCH1: GTP cyclohydrolase 1; SCN9A: encoding the expression of Nav1.7 ion channel.

  9. 9.

    The suspected lesion or disease is reported to be associated with pain, including a temporal relationship typical for the condition.

  10. 10.

    As part of the neurologic examination, these tests confirm the presence of negative or positive neurologic signs concordant with the distribution of pain. Clinical sensory examination may be supplemented by laboratory and objective tests to uncover subclinical abnormalities.

  11. 11.

    As part of the neurologic examination, these tests confirm the diagnosis of the suspected lesion or disease. These confirmatory tests depend on which lesion or disease is causing neuropathic pain.

References

  • Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ et al (1993) The European organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(5):365–376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Bay-Nielsen M, Kehlet H (2006a) Pain and functional impairment 6 years after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Hernia 10(4):316–321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Mohl B, Bay-Nielsen M, Kehlet H (2006b) Pain related sexual dysfunction after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Pain 122(3):258–263

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Mohl B, Kehlet H (2007) Ejaculatory pain: a specific postherniotomy pain syndrome? Anesthesiology 107(2):298–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Brandsborg B, Christensen B, Jensen TS, Kehlet H (2008) Neurophysiological characterization of postherniotomy pain. Pain 137(1):173–181

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Gmaehle E, Hansen JB, Gmaehle B, Forman JL, Schwarz J et al (2010a) Predictive risk factors for persistent postherniotomy pain. Anesthesiology 112(4):957–969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aasvang EK, Brandsborg B, Jensen TS, Kehlet H (2010b) Heterogeneous sensory processing in persistent postherniotomy pain. Pain 150(2):237–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abrishami A, Chan J, Chung F, Wong J (2011) Preoperative pain sensitivity and its correlation with postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 114(2):445–457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen KG, Kehlet H (2011) Persistent pain after breast cancer treatment: a critical review of risk factors and strategies for prevention. J Pain 12(7):725–746

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baliki MN, Geha PY, Jabakhanji R, Harden N, Schnitzer TJ, Apkarian AV (2008) A preliminary fMRI study of analgesic treatment in chronic back pain and knee osteoarthritis. Mol Pain 4:47

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baliki MN, Schnitzer TJ, Bauer WR, Apkarian AV (2011) Brain morphological signatures for chronic pain. PLoS ONE 6(10):e26010

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Nielsen M, Perkins FM, Kehlet H (2001) Pain and functional impairment one year after inguinal herniorrhaphy–a nationwide questionnaire study. Ann Surg 233(1):1–7

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Bondegaard TA, Olsen AK, Sjogren P, Bech P, Eriksen J (1997) Pain epidemiology and health related quality of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center. Pain 73(3):393–400

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker N, Sjogren P, Bech P, Olsen AK, Eriksen J (2000) Treatment outcome of chronic non-malignant pain patients managed in a danish multidisciplinary pain centre compared to general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 84(2–3):203–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW (1988) Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 15(12):1833–1840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff JM, Linderoth G, Aasvang EK, Werner MU, Kehlet H (2012) Dysejaculation after laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy: a nationwide questionnaire study. Surg Endosc 26(4):979–983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bittner R, Gmahle E, Gmahle B, Schwarz J, Aasvang E, Kehlet H (2010) Lightweight mesh and noninvasive fixation: an effective concept for prevention of chronic pain with laparoscopic hernia repair (TAPP). Surg Endosc 24(12):2958–2964

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biurrun Manresa JA, Neziri AY, Curatolo M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Andersen OK (2011) Test-retest reliability of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and electrical pain thresholds after single and repeated stimulation in patients with chronic low back pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(1):83–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borsook D, Kussman BD, George E, Becerra LR, Burke DW (2013) Surgically induced neuropathic pain: understanding the perioperative process. Ann Surg 257(3):403–412

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D (2006) Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 10(4):287–333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bright E, Reddy VM, Wallace D, Garcea G, Dennison AR (2010) The incidence and success of treatment for severe chronic groin pain after open, transabdominal preperitoneal, and totally extraperitoneal hernia repair. World J Surg 34(4):692–696

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buvanendran A (2012) Chronic postsurgical pain: are we closer to understanding the puzzle? Anesth Analg 115(2):231–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campillo A, Cabanero D, Romero A, Garcia-Nogales P, Puig MM (2011) Delayed postoperative latent pain sensitization revealed by the systemic administration of opioid antagonists in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 657(1–3):89–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A et al (1993) The functional assessment of cancer therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 11(3):570–579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra I, Kamal KM (2012) A systematic review of quality of life instruments in long-term breast cancer survivors. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10:14

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleeland CS (1991) Pain assessment in cancer. In: Osoba D (ed) Effect of cancer on quality of life. CRC Press, Inc, Florida, p 293-305

    Google Scholar 

  • Corder G, Doolen S, Donahue RR, Winter MK, Jutras BL, He Y et al (2013) Constitutive mu-opioid receptor activity leads to long-term endogenous analgesia and dependence. Science 341(6152):1394–1399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cousins MJ (2007) Persistent pain: a disease entity. J Pain Symptom Manage 33(2 Suppl):S4–S10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Currow DC, Agar M, Plummer JL, Blyth FM, Abernethy AP (2010) Chronic pain in South Australia–population levels that interfere extremely with activities of daily living. Aust N Z J Public Health 34(3):232–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dajczman E, Gordon A, Kreisman H, Wolkove N (1991) Long-term postthoracotomy pain. Chest 99(2):270–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski B, May A (2008) Training-induced structural changes in the adult human brain. Behav Brain Res 192(1):137–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duale C, Guastella V, Morand D, Cardot JM, Aublet-Cuvelier B, Mulliez A et al (2011) Characteristics of the neuropathy induced by thoracotomy: a 4-month follow-up study with psychophysical examination. Clin J Pain 27(6):471–480

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT et al (2008) Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9(2):105–121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin RH, McDermott MP, Raja SN (2010a) Preventing chronic postsurgical pain: how much of a difference makes a difference? Anesthesiology 112(3):516–518

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Peirce-Sandner S, Baron R, Bellamy N, Burke LB et al (2010b) Research design considerations for confirmatory chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 149(2):177–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Katz NP, Rowbotham MC, Peirce-Sandner S, Cerny I et al (2011) Evidence-based clinical trial design for chronic pain pharmacotherapy: a blueprint for ACTION. Pain 152(3 Suppl):S107–S115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards RR, Mensing G, Cahalan C, Greenbaum S, Narang S, Belfer I et al (2013) Alteration in pain modulation in women with persistent pain after lumpectomy: influence of catastrophizing. J Pain Symptom Manage 46(1):30–42

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson NM, Zeidan F, Lobanov OV, Hadsel MS, Martucci KT, Quevedo AS, et al (2014) Pain sensitivity is inversely related to regional grey matter density in the brain. Pain, PubMed number: 24333778

    Google Scholar 

  • Erpelding N, Moayedi M, Davis KD (2012) Cortical thickness correlates of pain and temperature sensitivity. Pain 153(8):1602–1609

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Lao C, Cantarero-Villanueva I, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Del-Moral-Avila R, Menjon-Beltran S, Arroyo-Morales M (2011) Widespread mechanical pain hypersensitivity as a sign of central sensitization after breast cancer surgery: comparison between mastectomy and lumpectomy. Pain Med 12(1):72–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbain DA (2013) Psychiatric pain-associated co-morbidities. In: MacMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, Tracey I, Turk DC (eds) Wall and Melzack’s textbook of pain, 6th edn. Elsevier Saunders, p 273-282

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner R, Jensen MB, Nielsen J, Ewertz M, Kroman N, Kehlet H (2009) Prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain following breast cancer surgery. JAMA 302(18):1985–1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilron I, Johnson AP (2010) Economics of chronic pain: How can science guide health policy? Can J Anaesth 57(6):530–538

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottrup H, Andersen J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS (2000) Psychophysical examination in patients with post-mastectomy pain. Pain 87(3):275–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granovsky Y (2013) Conditioned pain modulation: a predictor for development and treatment of neuropathic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 17(9):361

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant AM, Scott NW, O’Dwyer PJ (2004) Five-year follow-up of a randomized trial to assess pain and numbness after laparoscopic or open repair of groin hernia. Br J Surg 91(12):1570–1574

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guastella V, Mick G, Soriano C, Vallet L, Escande G, Dubray C et al (2011) A prospective study of neuropathic pain induced by thoracotomy: incidence, clinical description, and diagnosis. Pain 152(1):74–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavsson A, Bjorkman J, Ljungcrantz C, Rhodin A, Rivano-Fischer M, Sjolund KF et al (2012) Socio-economic burden of patients with a diagnosis related to chronic pain–register data of 840,000 Swedish patients. Eur J Pain 16(2):289–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gwilym SE, Filippini N, Douaud G, Carr AJ, Tracey I (2010) Thalamic atrophy associated with painful osteoarthritis of the hip is reversible after arthroplasty: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometric study. Arthritis Rheum 62(10):2930–2940

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haapaniemi S, Nilsson E (2002) Recurrence and pain three years after groin hernia repair. Validation of postal questionnaire and selective physical examination as a method of follow-up. Eur J Surg 168(1):22–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichs-Rocker A, Schulz K, Jarvinen I, Lefering R, Simanski C, Neugebauer EA (2009) Psychosocial predictors and correlates for chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP)–a systematic review. Eur J Pain 13(7):719–730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard MA, Krause K, Khawaja N, Massat N, Zelaya F, Schumann G et al (2011) Beyond patient reported pain: perfusion magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates reproducible cerebral representation of ongoing post-surgical pain. PLoS ONE 6(2):e17096

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F (2009) Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 111(3):657–677

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen TS, Kehlet H (2011) Pain following thoracotomy: is it neuropathic? Pain 152(1):12–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalliomaki ML, Meyerson J, Gunnarsson U, Gordh T, Sandblom G (2008) Long-term pain after inguinal hernia repair in a population-based cohort; risk factors and interference with daily activities. Eur J Pain 12(2):214–225

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalliomaki M, Kieseritzky JV, Schmidt R, Hagglof B, Karlsten R, Sjogren N et al (2011) Structural and functional differences between neuropathy with and without pain? Exp Neurol 231(2):199–206

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalso E, Perttunen K, Kaasinen S (1992) Pain after thoracic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36(1):96–100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz J, Seltzer Z (2009) Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev Neurother 9(5):723–744

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehlet H, Rathmell JP (2010) Persistent postsurgical pain: the path forward through better design of clinical studies. Anesthesiology 112(3):514–515

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ (2006) Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 367(9522):1618–1625

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehlet H, Macrae WA, Stubhaug A (2010) Persistent postoperative pain pathogenic mechanisms and preventive strategies. In: Mogil JS (ed) Pain 2010. An updated review: refresher course syllabus. IASP Press, Seattle, p 3-12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehlet H, Edwards RR, Buvanendran A (2012) Persistent postoperative pain: pathogenic mechanisms and preventive strategies. In: Tracey I (ed) Pain 2012: Refresher courses, 14th World Congress of Pain. IASP Press, Seattle, p 133-146

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehlet H, Roumen RM, Reinpold W, Miserez M (2013) Invited commentary: persistent pain after inguinal hernia repair: what do we know and what do we need to know? Hernia 17(3):293–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller SM, Carp NZ, Levy MN, Rosen SM (1994) Chronic post thoracotomy pain. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 35(6 Suppl 1):161–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE (1985) The West Haven-Yale multidimensional pain inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 23(4):345–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan IH, McManus KG, McCraith A, McGuigan JA (2000) Muscle sparing thoracotomy: a biomechanical analysis confirms preservation of muscle strength but no improvement in wound discomfort. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 18(6):656–661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King CD, Wong F, Currie T, Mauderli AP, Fillingim RB, Riley JL III (2009) Deficiency in endogenous modulation of prolonged heat pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and temporomandibular disorder. Pain 143(3):172–178

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kootstra JJ, Dijkstra PU, Rietman H, de VJ, Baas P, Geertzen JH, et al (2013) A longitudinal study of shoulder and arm morbidity in breast cancer survivors 7 years after sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139(1):125–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosek E, Ordeberg G (2000) Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain 88(1):69–78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen AD, Pedersen TA, Hjortdal VE, Jensen TS, Nikolajsen L (2010) Chronic pain in adults after thoracotomy in childhood or youth. Br J Anaesth 104(1):75–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landreneau RJ, Pigula F, Luketich JD, Keenan RJ, Bartley S, Fetterman LS et al (1996) Acute and chronic morbidity differences between muscle-sparing and standard lateral thoracotomies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112(5):1346–1350

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langley P, Muller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G (2010a) The impact of pain on labor force participation, absenteeism and presenteeism in the European Union. J Med Econ 13(4):662–672

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langley P, Muller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G (2010b) The societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization. J Med Econ 13(3):571–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lautenbacher S, Huber C, Baum C, Rossaint R, Hochrein S, Heesen M (2011) Attentional avoidance of negative experiences as predictor of postoperative pain ratings and consumption of analgesics: comparison with other psychological predictors. Pain Med 12(4):645–653

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux J, Goodwin PJ, Bordeleau LJ, Lauzier S, Theberge V (2011) Quality-of-life measurement in randomized clinical trials in breast cancer: an updated systematic review (2001-2009). J Natl Cancer Inst 103(3):178–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis GN, Rice DA, McNair PJ (2012) Conditioned pain modulation in populations with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain 13(10):936–944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linderoth G, Kehlet H, Aasvang EK, Werner MU (2011) Neurophysiological characterization of persistent pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Hernia 15(5):521–529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loos MJ, Roumen RM, Scheltinga MR (2007) Chronic sequelae of common elective groin hernia repair. Hernia 11(2):169–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae WA (2008) Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on. Br J Anaesth 101(1):77–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae WA, Davies HTO (1999) Chronic postsurgical pain. In: Crombie IK, Linton S, Von Korff M, LeResche L (eds) Epidemiology of pain. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 125–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire MF, Ravenscroft A, Beggs D, Duffy JP (2006) A questionnaire study investigating the prevalence of the neuropathic component of chronic pain after thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 29(5):800–805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masselin-Dubois A, Attal N, Fletcher D, Jayr C, Albi A, Fermanian J et al (2013) Are Psychological Predictors of Chronic Postsurgical Pain Dependent on the Surgical Model? A Comparison of Total Knee Arthroplasty and Breast Surgery for Cancer. J Pain 14(8):854–864

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mejdahl MK, Andersen KG, Gartner R, Kroman N, Kehlet H (2013) Persistent pain and sensory disturbances after treatment for breast cancer: six year nationwide follow-up study. BMJ 346:f1865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger J, Lutz N, Laidlaw I (2001) Guidelines for inguinal hernia repair in everyday practice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 83(3):209–214

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen T, Werner MU, Lassen B, Kehlet H (2004) Pain and sensory dysfunction 6 to 12 months after inguinal herniotomy. Anesth Analg 99(1):146–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montazeri A (2008) Health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients: a bibliographic review of the literature from 1974 to 2007. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 27:32

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore RA, Derry S, Taylor RS, Straube S, Phillips CJ (2014) The costs and consequences of adequately managed chronic non-cancer pain and chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Pract 14(1):79–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CL, Conway P, Currie CJ (2011) The relationship between self-reported severe pain and measures of socio-economic disadvantage. Eur J Pain 15(10):1107–1111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obata H, Sakurazawa S, Kimura M, Saito S (2010) Activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord contributes to the development of bilateral allodynia after peripheral nerve injury in rats. Brain Res 2(1363):72–80

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien T, Breivik H (2012) The impact of chronic pain–European patients’ perspective over 12 months. Scand J Pain 3:23–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Olesen SS, Brock C, Krarup AL, Funch-Jensen P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Wilder-Smith OH et al (2010) Descending inhibitory pain modulation is impaired in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8(8):724–730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker PA, Youssef A, Walker S, Basen-Engquist K, Cohen L, Gritz ER et al (2007) Short-term and long-term psychosocial adjustment and quality of life in women undergoing different surgical procedures for breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 14(11):3078–3089

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AS, Farquharson R, Carroll D, Moore A, Phillips CJ, Taylor RS et al (2012) The impact and burden of chronic pain in the workplace: a qualitative systematic review. Pain Pract 12(7):578–589

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MP, Werner MU, Ringsted TK, Rowboth MC, Taylor BK, Dahl JB (2013) Does Naloxone Reinstate Secondary Hyperalgesia in Humans after Resolution of a Burn Injury? A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized, Cross-over Study. PLoS ONE 8(5):e64608. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064608

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins FM, Kehlet H (2000) Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery: a review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 93(4):1123–1133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perttunen K, Tasmuth T, Kalso E (1999) Chronic pain after thoracic surgery: a follow-up study [see comments]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43(5):563–567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters ML, Sommer M, de Rijke JM, Kessels F, Heineman E, Patijn J et al (2007) Somatic and psychologic predictors of long-term unfavorable outcome after surgical intervention. Ann Surg 245(3):487–494

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pielsticker A, Haag G, Zaudig M, Lautenbacher S (2005) Impairment of pain inhibition in chronic tension-type headache. Pain 118(1–2):215–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Wagner C, Meinhardt-Renner A, Burgmer M, Beste C, Zahn PK et al (2010) Coding of incisional pain in the brain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 112(2):406–417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poghosyan H, Sheldon LK, Leveille SG, Cooley ME (2013) Health-related quality of life after surgical treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review. Lung Cancer 81(1):11–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poobalan AS, Bruce J, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukowski ZH, Smith WC (2001) Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg 88(8):1122–1126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price DD, Staud R, Robinson ME, Mauderli AP, Cannon R, Vierck CJ (2002) Enhanced temporal summation of second pain and its central modulation in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 99(1–2):49–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport BA, Cerny I, Sanhai WR (2010) ACTION on the prevention of chronic pain after surgery: public-private partnerships, the future of analgesic drug development. Anesthesiology 112(3):509–510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid KJ, Harker J, Bala MM, Truyers C, Kellen E, Bekkering GE et al (2011) Epidemiology of chronic non-cancer pain in Europe: narrative review of prevalence, pain treatments and pain impact. Curr Med Res Opin 27(2):449–462

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinpold WM, Nehls J, Eggert A (2011) Nerve management and chronic pain after open inguinal hernia repair: a prospective two phase study. Ann Surg 254(1):163–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodin A, Gronbladh A, Ginya H, Nilsson KW, Rosenblad A, Zhou Q et al (2013) Combined analysis of circulating beta-endorphin with gene polymorphisms in OPRM1, CACNAD2 and ABCB1 reveals correlation with pain, opioid sensitivity and opioid-related side effects. Mol Brain 6:8

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rietman JS, Dijkstra PU, Hoekstra HJ, Eisma WH, Szabo BG, Groothoff JW et al (2003) Late morbidity after treatment of breast cancer in relation to daily activities and quality of life: a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol 29(3):229–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rietman JS, Geertzen JH, Hoekstra HJ, Baas P, Dolsma WV, de VJ, et al (2006) Long term treatment related upper limb morbidity and quality of life after sentinel lymph node biopsy for stage I or II breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 32(2):148–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Raecke R, Niemeier A, Ihle K, Ruether W, May A (2009) Brain gray matter decrease in chronic pain is the consequence and not the cause of pain. J Neurosci 29(44):13746–13750

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandkuhler J, Gruber-Schoffnegger D (2012) Hyperalgesia by synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP): an update. Curr Opin Pharmacol 12(1):18–27

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheef L, Jankowski J, Daamen M, Weyer G, Klingenberg M, Renner J et al (2012) An fMRI study on the acute effects of exercise on pain processing in trained athletes. Pain 153(8):1702–1714

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz J, Woolf CJ (2007) The neuropathic pain triad: neurons, immune cells and glia. Nat Neurosci 10(11):1361–1368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber KL, Martel MO, Shnol H, Shaffer JR, Greco C, Viray N et al (2013) Persistent pain in postmastectomy patients: comparison of psychophysical, medical, surgical, and psychosocial characteristics between patients with and without pain. Pain 154(5):660–668

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seminowicz DA, Wideman TH, Naso L, Hatami-Khoroushahi Z, Fallatah S, Ware MA et al (2011) Effective treatment of chronic low back pain in humans reverses abnormal brain anatomy and function. J Neurosci 31(20):7540–7550

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SS, Tchivileva IE, Maixner W, Diatchenko L (2012) Progress and challenges in genome-wide association studies of pain. In: Tracey I (ed) Pain 2012, Refresher courses, 14th World Congress of Pain. IASP Press, Seattle, p 41-50

    Google Scholar 

  • Staud R, Weyl EE, Price DD, Robinson ME (2012) Mechanical and heat hyperalgesia highly predict clinical pain intensity in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes. J Pain 13(8):725–735

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait RC, Pollard CA, Margolis RB, Duckro PN, Krause SJ (1987) The Pain Disability Index: psychometric and validity data. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68(7):438–441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasmuth T, von Smitten K, Kalso E (1996) Pain and other symptoms during the first year after radical and conservative surgery for breast cancer. Br J Cancer 74:2024–2031

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasmuth T, Blomqvist C, Kalso E (1999) Chronic post-treatment symptoms in patients with breast cancer operated in different surgical units. Eur J Surg Oncol 25(1):38–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theunissen M, Peters ML, Bruce J, Gramke HF, Marcus MA (2012) Preoperative anxiety and catastrophizing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association with chronic postsurgical pain. Clin J Pain 28(9):819–841

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiippana E, Nilsson E, Kalso E (2003) Post-thoracotomy pain after thoracic epidural analgesia: a prospective follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47(4):433–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW et al (2008) Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 70(18):1630–1635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Broeke EN, van Rijn CM, Biurrun Manresa JA, Andersen OK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Wilder-Smith OH (2010) Neurophysiological correlates of nociceptive heterosynaptic long-term potentiation in humans. J Neurophysiol 103(4):2107–2113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilholm OJ, Cold S, Rasmussen L, Sindrup SH (2008) The postmastectomy pain syndrome: an epidemiological study on the prevalence of chronic pain after surgery for breast cancer. Br J Cancer 99(4):604–610

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilholm OJ, Cold S, Rasmussen L, Sindrup SH (2009) Sensory function and pain in a population of patients treated for breast cancer. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53(6):800–806

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters S, Maringe C, Coleman MP, Peake MD, Butler J, Young N et al (2013) Lung cancer survival and stage at diagnosis in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK: a population-based study, 2004-2007. Thorax 68(6):551–564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30(6):473–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster K, Cella D, Yost K (2003) The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) measurement system: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1:79

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR et al (2008) An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data. Lancet 372(9633):139–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner MU, Kehlet H (2010) Characterization of persistent postoperative pain by quantitative sensory testing. Eur J Pain Supplements 4:203-207

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner MU, Kongsgaard UE (2014) Defining persistent post-surgical pain: is an update required?. Br J Anaesth (E-preprint)

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner MU, Mjobo HN, Nielsen PR, Rudin A (2010) Prediction of postoperative pain: a systematic review of predictive experimental pain studies. Anesthesiology 10(112):1494–1502

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner MU, Petersen MA, Bischoff JM (2013a) Test-retest Studies in Quantitative Sensory Testing: A Critical Review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 57(8):957–963

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner MU, Ringsted TK, Kehlet H, Wildgaard K (2013b) Sensory testing in patients with postthoracotomy pain syndrome: part 1: mirror-image sensory dysfunction. Clin J Pain 29(9):775–783

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ravn J, Kehlet H (2009) Chronic post-thoracotomy pain: a critical review of pathogenic mechanisms and strategies for prevention. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36(1):170–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ravn J, Nikolajsen L, Jakobsen E, Jensen TS, Kehlet H (2011) Consequences of persistent pain after lung cancer surgery: a nationwide questionnaire study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55(1):60–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ringsted TK, Aasvang EK, Ravn J, Werner MU, Kehlet H (2012a) Neurophysiological characterization of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain 28(2):136–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ringsted TK, Hansen HJ, Petersen RH, Werner MU, Kehlet H (2012b) Quantitative sensory testing of persistent pain after video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy. Br J Anaesth 108(1):126–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ringsted TK, Ravn J, Werner MU, Kehlet H (2013a) Late sensory changes following chest drain insertion during thoracotomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 57(6):776–783

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wildgaard K, Ringsted TK, Kehlet H, Werner MU (2013b) Quantitative sensory testing in patients with postthoracotomy pain syndrome: part 2: variability in thermal threshold assessments. Clin J Pain 29(9):784–790

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf CJ (2011) Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain 152(3 Suppl):S2–S15

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnitsky D (2010) Conditioned pain modulation (the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect): its relevance for acute and chronic pain states. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23(5):611–615

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnitsky D, Crispel Y, Eisenberg E, Granovsky Y, Ben-Nun B, Best LA et al (2008) Prediction of chronic post-operative pain: pre-operative DNIC testing identifies patients at risk. Pain 138(1):22–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young EE, Lariviere WR, Belfer I (2012) Genetic basis of pain variability: recent advances. J Med Genet 49(1):1–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Multidisciplinary Pain Center 7612, Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mads Utke Werner & Joakim Mutahi Bischoff

Authors
  1. Mads Utke Werner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joakim Mutahi Bischoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mads Utke Werner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

    Bradley K. Taylor

  2. Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    David P. Finn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Werner, M.U., Bischoff, J.M. (2014). Persistent Postsurgical Pain: Evidence from Breast Cancer Surgery, Groin Hernia Repair, and Lung Cancer Surgery. In: Taylor, B., Finn, D. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Chronic Pain. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_285

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation