Skip to main content

Mindful Awareness and ADHD

  • Chapter
Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness

One of our most important faculties is attention. It is a doorway into our experience and a foundational quality of our awareness. Where and how we place our attention or where and how other things grab our attention determines our daily experiences, relationships with ourselves and others, and the quality of our lives. This connection between the ability to regulate attention and well-being is profoundly exemplified in mindfulness or mindful awareness, and a neuropsychiatric condition called attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In both, the role of attention is thought to be crucial to the self-regulation of cognition, emotion, and behavior, and while ADHD may be considered a disorder characterized by difficulties in self-regulation, mindful awareness training maybe considered a tool of enhancing self-regulation.

The faculty of voluntarily bringing back a wandering attention over and over again, is the very root of judgment, character, and will. No one is compos sui (master of himself) if he have it not. An education which should improve this faculty would be the education par excellence. But it is easier to define this ideal than to give practical instructions for bringing it about.

William James, 1890

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ADDA. (2002). The Attention Deficit Disorder Association Guiding Principles for Coaching Individuals with Attention Deficit Disorder. September 17, 2007, from http://www.add.org/articles/coachingguide.html

  • Adler, L. A. (2004). Clinical presentations of adult patients with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 Suppl 3, 8–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • APA. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44 (12), 1849–1858.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, L. E. (2001). Alternative treatments for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 310–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10, 125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauregard, M., & Levesque, J. (2006). Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the effects of neurofeedback training on the neural bases of selective attention and response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(1), 3–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, H. (1997). The relaxation response: therapeutic effect. Science, 278(5344), 1694–1695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A., Kofman, O., Livneh, U., & Henik, A. (2007). Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation. Progress in Neurobiology, 82(5), 256–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., et al. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 757–766.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blomqvist, M., Holmberg, K., Lindblad, F., Fernell, E., Ek, U., & Dahllof, G. (2007). Salivary cortisol levels and dental anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 115(1), 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Simms, T., Limberger, M. F., Schmahl, C., Unckel, C., et al. (2004). Effectiveness of inpatient dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: a controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(5), 487–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braaten, E. B., & Rosen, L. A. (2000). Self-regulation of affect in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD boys: Differences in empathic responding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 313–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broderick, P. C. (2005). Mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: Contrasts with rumination and distraction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 501–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, G., Valera, E. M., & Seidman, L. J. (2005). Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1273–1284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P. (1996). Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(8), 978–987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal, R. N., Winstanley, C. A., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2004). Limbic corticostriatal systems and delayed reinforcement. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 33–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T., Feehan, C., Tinline, C., & Vostanis, P. (1999). Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 50–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(6), 560–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037–2078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. London, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodson, W. W. (2005). Pharmacotherapy of adult ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 589–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G., Winkler, J., Buchel, C., et al. (2006). Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(23), 6314–6317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, R., Soutullo, C. A., Hervas, A., Gastaminza, X., Polavieja, P., & Gilaberte, I. (2005). Worse quality of life for children with newly diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, compared with asthmatic and healthy children. Pediatrics, 116(3), e364–369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 159–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., et al. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1313–1323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A. M. (1998). The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 70(1–2), 119–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport, 11(1), 43–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M., & Linehan, M. M. (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Shenk, C. (2004). Operationalizing mindfulness without unnecessary attachments. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 11(3), 249–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesslinger, B., Tebartz van Elst, L., Nyberg, E., Dykierek, P., Richter, H., Berner, M., et al. (2002). Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults – a pilot study using a structured skills training program. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252(4), 177–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James W., Principles of Psychology, Volume I page 424 of original 1890 edition (page 401 of Harvard University Press edition, ISBN 0-674-70625-0)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., Vitiello, B., Abikoff, H. B., Greenhill, L. L., et al. (2007). 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 989–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Mrazek, D., Knapp, P. K., Steinberg, L., Pfeffer, C., Schowalter, J., et al. (1997). Evolution and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12), 1672–1679; discussion 1679–1681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, M., Hoshino, Y., Hashimoto, S., Okano, T., & Kumashiro, H. (1993). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(1), 59–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., et al. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716–723.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2005). Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1442–1451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. A., Barkley, R. A., & Barrett, S. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the stress response. Biological Psychiatry, 44(1), 72–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlstrom, K., et al. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(2), 177–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Hanisch, C., Fink, G. R., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2006). Dysfunctional attentional networks in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 59(7), 643–651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratter, J. (1983). The use of meditation in the treatment of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., et al. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893–1897.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007a). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007b). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, S. K., Humphrey, L. A., Tapio, T., Moilanen, I. K., McGough, J. J., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2008). Executive Functioning Among Finnish Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46 (12), 1594–1604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, A. T., Ogdie, M. N., Jarvelin, M. R., Moilenan, I. K., Loo, S. K., McCracken, J., et al. (2008). Association of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) with ADHD and post-traumatic stess disorder. AM J Hum Genet: Part B Neuropsychiatric Genet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, D. E., Lubke, G., Yang, M., McCracken, J. T., McGough, J. J., Ishii, J., et al. (2005). Temperament and character profiles and the dopamine D4 receptor gene in ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), 906–913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(8), 4398–4403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., Bowen, S. W., Parks, G. A., MacPherson, L. M., et al. (2004). Vipassana Meditation as a Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette & M. M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66 (2), 116–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGough, J. J., Smalley, S. L., McCracken, J. T., Yang, M., Del’Homme, M., Lynn, D. E., et al. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings from multiplex families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1621–1627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (2004). Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 431(7010), 757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti-Altuna, G. (1987). The effects of meditation versus medication in the treatment of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Dissertation Abstracts International 47 (4658).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. (2003). ADHD: Guides for the perplexed reflect the state of the field. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(2), 302–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T., Blaskey, L. G., Stawicki, J. A., & Sachek, J. (2004). Evaluating the endophenotype model of ADHD neuropsychological deficit: results for parents and siblings of children with ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(4), 614–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T., & Casey, B. J. (2005). An integrative theory of attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 785–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nudo, R. J., Milliken, G. W., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996). Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(2), 785–807.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 7(1), 75–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagnoni, G., & Cekic, M. (2007). Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(10), 1623–1627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panzer, A., & Viljoen, M. (2005). Supportive neurodevelopmental evidence for ADHD as a developmental disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 64(4), 755–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelc, K., Kornreich, C., Foisy, M. L., & Dan, B. (2006). Recognition of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Neurology, 35(2), 93–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plessen, K. J., Bansal, R., Zhu, H., Whiteman, R., Amat, J., Quackenbush, G. A., et al. (2006). Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(7), 795–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pressman, L. J., Loo, S. K., Carpenter, E. M., Asarnow, J. R., Lynn, D., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2006). Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(3), 346–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, L. J., Friedman, S. R., Tzelepis, A., & Van Voorhis, A. (2002). Experienced emotion and affect recognition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 16(1), 102–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). An open trial of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 72–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rostain, A. L., & Ramsay, J. R. (2006). A combined treatment approach for adults with ADHD – results of an open study of 43 patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10(2), 150–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safren, S. A. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral approaches to ADHD treatment in adulthood. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67 Suppl 8, 46–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Sprich, S., Winett, C. L., Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(7), 831–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J., & Begley, S. (2002). The mind and the brain: Neuroplasticity and the power of mental force (1st ed.). New York: Regan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J., Gullifor, E. Z., Stier, J., & Thienemann, M. (2005a). Mindful awareness and self directed neuroplasticity: Integrating psychospiritual and biological approach to mental health with focus on obsessive compulsive disorder. Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. M., & Beyette, B. (1997). Brain lock: Free yourself from obsessive-compulsive behavior. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. M., Stapp, H. P., & Beauregard, M. (2005b). Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: a neurophysical model of mind-brain interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 360(1458), 1309–1327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach for preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 466–485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Weber, W., & Ouellette, C. (1997). Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 150–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. H. (1982). Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation and other self-control strategies. Am Journal Psychiatry, 139, 267–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shekim, W. O., Asarnow, R. F., Hess, E., Zaucha, K., & Wheeler, N. (1990). A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(5), 416–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N., Lancioni, G. E., Joy, S. D. S., Winton, A. S. W., Sabaawi, M., Wahler, R. G., et al. (2007). Adolescents with Conduct Disorder Can be Mindful of Their Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15(1), 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skounti, M., Philalithis, A., & Galanakis, E. (2007). Variations in prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worldwide. European Journal of Pediatrics, 166(2), 117–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., et al. (2007). Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources. PLoS Biology, 5(6), e138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smalley, S. L. (2008). Reframing ADHD in the Genomic Era. Psychiatric Times, 25(7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smalley, S. L., McGough, J. J., Moilanen, I. K., Loo, S. K., Taanila, A., Ebeling, H., et al. (2007). Prevalence and Psychiatric Comorbidity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescent Finnish Population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46 (12), 1572–1583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sondeijker, F. E., Ferdinand, R. F., Oldehinkel, A. J., Veenstra, R., Tiemeier, H., Ormel, J., et al. (2007). Disruptive behaviors and HPA-axis activity in young adolescent boys and girls from the general population. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(7), 570–578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, C., Sterzer, P., Schmeck, K., Krebs, A., Kleinschmidt, A., Poustka, F. (2007). Reduced anterior cingulate activation in aggressive children and adolescents during affective stimulation: Association with temperament Traits. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 41(5), 410–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, C. S., Whitmont, S., Bornholt, L., Livesey, D., & Stevenson, R. J. (2002). A cognitive remediation programme for adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(5), 610–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strayhorn, J. M., Jr. (2002). Self-control: toward systematic training programs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Schuck, S., Mann, M., Carlson, C. L., Hartman, C. A., Sergeant, J. A., et al. (2001). Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: The SNAP and SWAN ratings scales. Retrieved June 6, 2006., from http://adhd.net

  • Talge, N. M., Neale, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Early Stress, Translational Research and Prevention Science Network: Fetal and Neonatal Experience on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Journal of Child and Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3–4), 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Scott, J., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., & Paykel, E. S. (2001). How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence from a controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 347–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Mindfulness training and problem formulation. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10(2), 157–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrka, A. R., Mello, A.F., Mello, M.F., Gagne, G.G., Grover, K.E., Anderson, G.M., Price, L.H., Carpenter, L.L. (2006). Temperament and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(9), 1036–1045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, H. L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., et al. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(16), 4415–4425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verte, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006). The relationship of working memory, inhibition, and response variability in child psychopathology. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 151(1), 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserstein, J., & Lynn, A. (2001). Metacognitive remediation in adult ADHD. Treating executive function deficits via executive functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 376–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wender, P. H. (1998). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 7, 76–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (2002). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Annual Review of Medicine, 53, 113–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winston, D. (2003). Wide Awake: A Buddhist Guide for Teens: Perigee Trade.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuill, N., & Lyon, J. (2007). Selective difficulty in recognising facial expressions of emotion in boys with ADHD: General performance impairments or specific problems in social cognition? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(6), 398–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuddas, A., Ancilletta, B., Muglia, P., & Cianchetti, C. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A neuropsychiatric disorder with childhood onset. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 4(2), 53–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., et al. (2008). Behavioral and cognitive changes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder using a mindfulness meditation approach. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11 (6), 737–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zylowska, L., Smalley, S., Schwartz, J. (2009). Mindful Awareness and ADHD. In: Didonna, F. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics