Skip to main content

Origins of normal and pathological tremor

  • Chapter
Movement Disorders: Tremor

Abstract

Tremors, perhaps because they are so obvious, have always fascinated neurophysiologists and neurologists, even though their causes are often uncertain and their origins disputed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albe-Fessard, D., Arfel, G. and Guiot, G. (1963). Activités électriques characteristiques de quelques structures cérébrales chez l’homme. Ann. Chir., 17, 1185–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albe-Fessard, D., Guiot, G., Lamarre, Y. and Arfel, G. (1966). Activation of thalamo-cortical projections related to tremorogenic process. In Yahr, M. and Purpura, D. (eds), The Thalamus, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 237–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allum, J. H. J., Dietz, V. and Freund, H.-J. (1978). Neuronal mechanisms underlying physiological tremor. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 557–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedard, P., Larochelle, L., Poirier, L. J. and Sourkes, T. L. (1970). Reversible effect of L-DOPA on tremor and catatonia induced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 48, 82–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, V. B., Kozlovskaya, I. B., Atkin, A., Horvath, F. E. and Uno, M. (1973). Effects of cooling dentate nucleus on tracking-task performance in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 36, 974–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucy, P. C. and Case, T. J. (1949). Tremor: physiologic mechanism and abolition by surgical means. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr., 41, 721–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. E. (1981). Motor units: anatomy, physiology, and functional organisation. In Brookes, V. B. (ed.), Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System, Motor Control, part 1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 345–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calzetti, S., Findley, L. J., Pisani, F. and Richens, A. (1981). Phenylethylmalonamide in essential tremor. A double-blind controlled study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 44, 932–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrea, R. M. E. and Mettler, F. A. (1947). Physiologic consequences following extensive removal of cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei and effect of secondary cerebral ablations in the primate. J. Comp. Neurol., 87, 169–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrea, R. M. E. and Mettler, F. A. (1955). Function of the primate brachium conjunctivum and related structures. J. Comp. Neurol., 102, 151–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, J. D. and Thomas, J. S. (1976). Fore-arm oscillation during cooling of the dentate nucleus in the monkey. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 54, 430–6,

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeau, J. P., Gybels, J., Jasper, H. H. and Poirier, L. J. (1960). Micro-electrode studies of unit discharges in the sensorimotor cortex: investigations in monkeys with experimental tremors. Neurology (Minneap.), 10, 591–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeau, J. P. and Lamarre, Y. (1966). Further studies on patterns of central unit activity in relation with tremor. J. Neurosurg., 24, 213–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, E. M. R. (1972). Clinical manifestations of essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 35, 365–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, M. (1949). Observations on essential (heredo-familial) tremor. Brain, 72, 113–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desmedt, J. E. (1981). The size principle of motoneuron recruitment in ballistic or ramp voluntary contractions in man. In Desmedt, J. E. (ed.), Motor Unit Types, Recruitment and Plasticity in Health and Disease, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 9, Karger, Basel, pp. 97–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, V., Bischofberger, E., Wita, C. and Freund, H. J. (1976). Correlation between discharges of two simultaneously recorded motor units and physiological tremor. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 40, 97–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Findley, L. J. and Calzetti, S. (1982). Double-blind controlled study of primidone in essential tremor: preliminary results. Br. Med. J., 285, 608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley, L. J. and Gresty, M. A. (1980). Supression of ‘rubral’ tremor with levodopa. Br. Med. J., 281, 1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley, L. J., Gresty, M. A. and Halmagyi, G. M. (1981). Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 44, 534–46.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster, O. (1936). Symptomatologie der Erkrankungen des Ruckenmarks und seiner Wurzeln. In Bumke, R. and Foerster, O. (eds), Handbuch der Neurologie, vol. 5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, H: J., Budingen, H. J. and Dietz, V. (1975). Activity of single motor units from human fore-arm muscles during voluntary isometric contractions. J. Neurophysiol., 38, 933–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furness, P., Jessop, J. and Lippold, O. C. J. (1977). Long-lasting increases in the tremor of human hand muscles following brief, strong effort. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 265, 821–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, S., Bloedell, J. R. and Lechtenberg, R. (1981). Disorders of the Cerebellum, Contemporary Neurology Series, vol. 21, Davis, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, S., Carr, D. and Hollenberg, J. (1976). Kinematic effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation. Brain, 99, 311–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Growdon, H., Chambers, W. W. and Liu, C. N. (1967). An experimental dyskinesia in the Rhesus monkey. Brain, 90, 603–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Growdon, J. H., Shahani, B. T. and Young, R. R. (1975). The effect of alcohol on essential tremor. Neurology (Minneap.), 25, 259–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K. E. and Young, R. R. (1979). Participation of the stretch reflex in human physiological tremor. Brain, 102, 509–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, A. M. and Redfearn, J. W. T. (1956). An analysis of the frequencies of finger tremor in healthy subjects. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 134, 600–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henneman, E., Clamann, H. P., Gillies, J. D. and Skinner, R. D. (1974). Rankorder of motoneurons within a pool: law of combination. J. Neurophysiol., 37, 1338–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henneman, E., Somjen, G. and Carpenter, D. O. (1965). Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol., 28, 560–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, H. J. F., Marsden, C. D. and Meadows, J. C. (1969). The effect of adrenaline on the response to muscle vibration in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 202, 98–99p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, G. (1922). Clinical symptoms of cerebellar diseases (The Croonian Lectures). Lancet, 1, 1177–82, 1231–7, and 2, 59–65, 111–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, H. H. and Bertrand, G. (1966). Recording from micro-electrode in stereotaxic surgery for Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosurg., 24, 219–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, D., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C. D. (1979). β-Adrenoreceptor antagonists in essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 42, 904–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joffroy, A. J. and Lamarre, Y. (1971). Rhythmic unit firing in the precentral cortex in relation with postural tremor in a deafferented limb. Brain Res., 27, 386–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, G. C. and Rack, P. M. H. (1974). The effects of load and force on tremor at the normal human elbow joint. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 240, 375–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, G. C., Rack, P. M. H. and Ross, H. F. (1974). The forces generated at the human elbow joint in response to imposed sinusoidal movements of the forearm. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 240, 351–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemme, R. M. (1940). Surgical treatment of dystonia, paralysis agitans and athetosis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr., 44, 926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarre, Y. (1975). Tremorogenic mechanisms in primates. In Meldrum, B. S. and Marsden, C. D. (eds), Primate Models of Neurological Disorders, Advances in Neurology, vol. 10, Raven Press, New York, pp. 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarre, Y. and Joffroy, A. J. (1970). Thalamic unit activity in monkey with experimental tremor. In Barbeau, A. and McDowell, S. H. (eds), L-Dopa and Parkinsonism, Davis, Philadelphia, pp. 163–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarre, Y. and Joffroy, A. J. (1971). Spontaneous unit activity in the ventrolateral thalamus of the chronic monkey. Int. J. Neurol., 8, 190–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarre, Y. and Joffroy, A. J. (1979). Experimental tremor in monkey: activity of thalamic and precentral cortical neurons in the absence of feedback. In Poirier, L. J., Sourkes, T. L. and Bedard, P. J. (eds), Advances in Neurology, vol. 24, Raven Press, New York, pp. 109–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarre, Y., de Montigny, C., Dumont, M. and Weiss, M. (1971). Harmalineinduced rhythmic activity of cerebellar and lower brainstem neurons. Brain Res., 32, 246–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lance, J. W., Schwab, R. S. and Peterson, E. A. (1963). Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 86, 95–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larochelle, L., Bedard, P., Boucher, R. and Poirier, L. J. (1970). The rubro-olivo-cerebello-rubral loop and postural tremor in the monkey. J. Neurol. Sci., 11, 53–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larochelle, L., Bedard, P., Poirier, L. J. and Sourkes, T. L. (1971). Correlative neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological study of tremor and catatonia in the monkey. Neuropharmacology, 10, 273–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. G. and Stein, R. B. (1981). Resetting of tremor by mechanical perturbations: a comparison of essential tremor and Parkinsonian tremor. Ann. Neurol., 10, 523–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, P. N., Jefferson, D., Twomey, A. and Marsden, C. D. (1983). Beta-adreno-receptor mechanisms in essential tremor; a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of metoprolol, sotalol and atenolol. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 46 (8), 710–15.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leriche, R. (1914). Radiocotomie cerricale pour un tremblement parkinsonism. Lyon Med., 122, 1075–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist, T. (1941). Finger tremor and the alpha waves of the electroencephalogram. Acta Med. Scand., 108, 580–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippold, O. C. J. (1970). Oscillation in the stretch reflex arc and the origin of the rhythmical 8–12 c/s component of physiological tremor. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 206, 359–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippold, O. C. J. (1981). The tremor in fatigue. In Human Muscle Fatigue: Physiological Mechanisms, Ciba Foundation Symposium, No. 82, pp. 234–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippold, O. C. J., Redfearn, J. W. T. and Vuco, J. (1957). The rhythmical activity of groups of motor units in the voluntary contraction of muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 137, 473–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D. (1976). The spectrum of dystonia. In Yahr, M. D. (ed.), The Basal Ganglia, Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 55, pp. 351–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D. (1978). The mechanisms of physiological tremor and their significance for pathological tremors. In Desmedt, J. E. (ed.), Physiological Tremor, Pathological Tremors and Clonus, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 5, Karger, Basel, pp. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Foley, T. H., Owen, D. A. L. and McAllister, R. G. (1967a). Peripheral β-adrenergic receptors concerned with tremor. Clin. Sci., 33, 53–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Gimlette, T. M. D., McAllister, R. G., Owen, D. A. L. and Miller, T. M. (1968). Effect of β-adrenergic blockade on finger tremor and Achilles reflex time on anxious and thyrotoxic patients. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.), 57, 353–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D. and Meadows, J. C. (1970). The effect of adrenaline on the contraction of human muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 207, 429–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Meadows, J. C. and Lange, G. W. (1970). Effect of speed of muscle contraction on physiological tremor in normal subjects and in patients with thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 33, 776–82.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Meadows, J. C., Lange, G. W. and Watson, R. S. (1967b). Effect of deafferentation on human physiological tremor. Lancet, 2, 700–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Meadows, J. C., Lange, G. W. and Watson, R. S. (1969a). Variations in human physiological finger tremor with particular reference to changes with age. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 27, 169–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Meadows, J. C., Lange, G. W. and Watson, R. S. (1969b). The role of the ballistocardiac impulse in the genesis of physiological tremor. Brain, 92, 647–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C. D., Obeso, J. and Rothwell, J. C. (1983). Benign essential tremor is not a single entity. In Yahr, M. D. (ed.), Current Concepts in Parkinson’s Disease, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 31–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. (1962). Observations on essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 25, 122–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. and Walsh, E. G. (1956). Physiological tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 19, 260–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P. B. C. and Muir, R. B. (1980). Comparison of electromyogram spectra with force spectra during human elbow tremor. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 302, 427–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merton, P. A., Morton, H. B. and Rashbass, C. (1967). Visual feedback in hand tremor. Nature (Lond.), 216, 583–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B. and Lee, R. G. (1975). Synchronization of human motor units: possible roles of exercise and supraspinal reflexes. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 38, 245–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B. and Yemm, R. (1973a). The contractile properties of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 228, 285–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B. and Yemm, R. (1973b). The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 230, 359–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B. and Yemm, R. (1973c). Changes in firing rate of human motor units during linearly changing voluntary contractions. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 230, 371–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mylle, G. and van Bogaert, L. (1940). Etudes anatomo-cliniques de syndromes hypercinetiques complexes. I. Sur le tremblement familial. Monatsschr. Psychiatr. Neurol., 103, 28–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narabayashi, H. (1973). Importance of muscle tone in production or modification of tremorous movements. In Siegfried, J. (ed.), Parkinson’s Disease, Huber, Bern, pp. 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narabayashi, H. (1982). Surgical approach to tremor. In Marsden, C. D. and Fahn, S. (eds), Movement Disorders, Butterworths, London, pp. 292–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, M. D., Upton, A. R. and Toseland, P. A. (1981). Benign familial tremor treated with primidone. Br. Med. J., 282, 178–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohye, C., Bouchard, R., Larochelle, L., Bedard, P., Boucher, R., Raphy, B. and Poirier, L. J. (1970). Effect of dorsal rhizotomy on postural tremor in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 10, 140–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohye, C., Hirai, T., Miyazaki, M., Shbazaki, T. and Nakajima, H. (1982a). Vim thalamotomy for the treatment of various kinds of tremor. Appl. Neurophysiol., 45, 275–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohye, C., Miyazaki, M., Hirai, T., Shibazaki, T., Nakajima, H. and Nagaseki, Y. (1982b). Primary writing tremor treated by stereotactic selective thalamotomy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 45, 988–97.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohye, C. and Narabayashi, H. (1979). Physiological study of presumed ventralis intermedius neurons in the human thalamus. J. Neurosurg., 50, 290–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohye, C., Saito, Y., Fukamachi, A. and Narabayashi, H. (1974). An analysis of the spontaneous and rhythmic and non-rhythmic burst discharges in the human thalamus. J. Neurol. Sci., 22, 245–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pechadre, J. C., Larochelle, L. and Poirier, L. J. (1976). Parkinsonian akinesia, rigidity and tremor in the monkey. J. Neurol. Sci., 28, 147–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, L. J., Bouvier, G., Bedard, P., Boucher, R., Larochelle, L., Oliver, A. and Singh, P. (1969). Essai sur les circuits neuronaux impliqués dans le tremblement postural et l’hypokinesie. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 120, 15–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, L. J., Sourkes, T. L., Bouvier, G., Boucher, R. and Carabin, S. (1966). Striatal amines, experimental tremor and the effect of harmaline in the monkey. Brain, 89, 37–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, L. J. and Davis, L. (1930). Muscle tone in Parkinsonian states. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr., 23, 303–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Procaccianti, G., Martinelli, P., Baruzzi, A., Pazzaglia, P. and Lugaresi, E. (1981). Benign familial tremor treated with primidone. Br. Med. J., 283, 558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rack, P. M. H. (1978). Mechanical and reflex factors in human tremor. In Desmedt, J. E. (ed.), Physiological Tremor, Pathological Tremors and Clonus, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 5, Karger, Basel, pp. 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rack, P. M. H. (1981). Limitations of somatosensory feedback in the control of posture and movement. In Brooks, V. B. (ed.), Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System, Motor Control, part 1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 229–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranish, N. A. and Soechting, J. F. (1976). Studies on the control of some simple motor tasks. Effects of thalamic and red nuclei lesions. Brain Res., 102, 334–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, J. C., Traub, M. M. and Marsden, C. D. (1979). Primary writing tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 42, 1106–14.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salisachs, P. (1976). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with essential tremor. J. Neurol. Sci., 28, 17–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salisachs, P. and Lapresle, J. (1973). Nevrite hypertrophique avec atrophie peronière associée à une dyskinesie volitionelle d’attitude. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 123, 119–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, R. S. and Young, R. R. (1971). Non-resting tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 96, 305–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahani, B. T. and Young, R. R. (1976). Physiological and pharmacological aids in the differential diagnosis of tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 39, 772–83.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahani, B. T. and Young, R. R. (1978). Action tremors: a clinical neurophysiological review. In Desmedt, J. E. (ed.), Physiological Tremor, Pathological Tremors and Clonus, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 5, Karger, Basel, pp. 129–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahani, B. T., Young, R. R. and Adams, R. D. (1973). Neuropathic tremor. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 34, 800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I. S., Kahn, S. N., Lacey, B. W., King, R. H. M., Eames, R. A., Whybrew, D. J. and Thomas, P. K. (1983). Chronic demyelinating neuropathy associated with benign IgM paraproteinemia. Brain, 106, 169–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, R. B. and Pozos, R. S. (1976). A mechanical-reflex oscillator hypothesis for Parkinsonian hand tremor. J. Appl. Physiol., 40, 990–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, R. N. (1976). Frequency and displacement amplitude relations for normal hand tremor. J. Appl. Physiol., 40, 44–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strick, P. L. (1976). Anatomical analysis of ventrolateral thalamic input into primate motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 39, 1020–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, G. G. and Sykes, K. (1967a). The variation in hand tremor with force in healthy subjects. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 191, 699–711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, G. G. and Sykes, K. (1967b). The effect of withdrawal of visual presentation of errors upon the frequency spectrum of tremor in a manual task. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 190, 281–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (1962). The significance of grouping of motor unit activity. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 162, 259–69.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teravainen, H. (1980). Oscillatory electromyographic responses to limb displacement in Parkinsonism. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 43, 419–26.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teravainen, H. and Calne, D. B. (1980). Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 43, 257–63.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teravainen, H., Evarts, E. and Calne, D. B. (1979). Effects of kinesthetic inputs on Parkinsonian tremor. In Poirier, L. J., Sourkes, T. L. and Bedard, P. J. (eds), Advances in Neurology, vol. 24, Raven Press, New York, pp. 161–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villis, T. and Hore, J. (1977). Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. J. Neurophysiol., 40, 1214–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, E. G. (1976). Clonus: beats provoked by the application of a rhythmic force. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 39, 266–74.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, A. A., McCulloch, W. S. and Magoun, H. W. (1948). Production of an alternating tremor at rest in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 11, 317–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, J. F. and Young, R. R. (1974). Efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in action tremors of the familial, senile, or essential varieties. New Engl. J. Med., 290, 984–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. R., Growdon, J. H. and Shahani, B. T. (1975). Beta-adrenergic mechanisms in action tremor. New Engl. J. Med., 293, 950–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. R. and Hagbarth, K.-E. (1980). Physiological tremor enhanced by manoeuvres affecting the segmental stretch reflex. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 43, 248–56.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. R. and Shahani, B. T. (1979). Single unit behaviour in human muscle afferent and efferent systems. In Poirier, L. J., Sourkes, T. L. and Bedard, P. J. (eds), Advances in Neurology, vol. 24, Raven Press, New York, pp. 175–83.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1984 C. D. Marsden

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marsden, C.D. (1984). Origins of normal and pathological tremor. In: Findley, L.J., Capildeo, R. (eds) Movement Disorders: Tremor. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06757-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06757-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-06759-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-06757-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics