It is well documented that the growth patterns of breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ significantly. In industrialised countries, formula-fed infants generally grow more rapidly than breast-fed infants. In developing countries, the opposite may be observed, due to high rates of infection associated with bottle-feeding in environments with poor sanitation. This paper will focus on the former situation, where infant growth is largely unconstrained by environmental factors. The questions to be addressed are: a) how do growth patterns differ between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, b) how does energy intake differ between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, c) what are the potential explanations for differences in energy intake and growth by feeding mode d) what are the long-term consequences of differences in early growth?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dewey KG (1998) Growth characteristics of breast-fed compared to formula-fed infants. Biol Neonate 74:94–105.
Macdonald PD, Ross SRM, Grant L, Young D (2003) Neonatal weight loss in breast and formula fed infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88:F472–F476.
Nelson SE, Rogers RR, Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ (1989) Gain in weight and length during early infancy. Early Hum Dev 19:223–239.
Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers L, Lonnerdal B (2004) Plasma insulin and insulin-releasing amino acid (IRAA) concentrations are higher in formula-fed than in breastfed infants at 5 mo of age. Experimental Biology 2004, abstract # 1124.
Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B (1992) Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: the DARLING study. Pediatrics 89:1035–1041.
Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B (1993) Breast-fed infants are leaner than formula-fed infants at 1 year of age: the DARLING study. Am J Clin Nutr 57:140–145.
Butte NF, Wong WW, Hopkinson JM, O’Brian Smith E, Ellis KJ (2000) Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition. Pediatrics 106:1355–1366.
Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, et al (1995) Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European data sets. Pediatrics 96:495–503.
Garza C, de Onis M, for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2004, Rationale for developing a new international growth reference. Food Nutr Bull 25:S5–S14.
Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG (1993) Energy and protein intakes of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life and their association with growth velocity: the DARLING study. Am J Clin Nutr 58:152–161.
Dewey KG, Lonnerdal B (1986) Infant self-regulation of breast milk intake. Acta Paediatr Scand 75:893–898.
Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B (1991) Maternal versus infant factors related to breast milk intake and residual milk volume: the DARLING study. Pediatrics 87:829–837.
Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B (1991) Adequacy of energy intake among breast-fed infants in the DARLING study: relationships to growth velocity, morbidity, and activity levels. J Pediatr 119:538–547.
Butte NF, Wong WW, Hopkinson JM, Heinz CJ, Mehta NR, O’Brian Smith E (2000) Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy depostiion during the first 2 y of life. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1558–1569.
Michaelsen KF, Hoppe C, Schack-Nielsen L, Molgaard C (2002), Does an excessive protein intake early in life cause health problems such as obesity later in life? In Public Health Issues in Infant and Child Nutrition. Vol 48. (RE Black and KF Michaelsen, eds.) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philidelphia, pp. 279–293.
Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW et al (2004) PROBIT Study Group. Feeding effects on growth during infancy. J Pediatr 145:600–605.
Martin RM, Davey Smith G, Mangtani, P, Frankel S, Gunnell D (2002) Association between breast-feeding and growth: the Boyd-Orr cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 87:F193–F201.
Victora CG, Barros FC, Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J (2003) Anthropometry and body composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast-feeding: birth cohort study from Brazil. BMJ 327:901–905.
Zadik Z, Borondukov E, Zung A, Reifen R (2003) Adult height and weight of breast-fed and bottle-fed Israeli infants. J Pediatr Gastroent Nutr 37:462–467.
Li L, Manor O, Power C (2004) Early environment and child-to-adult growth trajectories in the 1958 British birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 80:185–192.
Dewey KG (2003) Is breastfeeding protective against child obesity? J Hum Lact 19:9–18.
Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Kiletzko B, von Kries R (2004) Breast-feeding and childhood obesity — a systematic review. Int J Obes 28:1247–1256.
Grummer-Strawn LM, Mei Z (2004) Does breastfeeding protect against pediatric overweight? Analysis of longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System. Pediatrics 113:e81–e86.
Ong KKL, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB, ALSPAC Study Team (2000) Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 320:967–971.
Stettier N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA (2002) Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study. Pediatrics 109:194–199.
Cameron N, Pettifor J, De Wet T, Norris S (2003) The relationship of rapid weight gain in infancy to obesity and skeletal maturity in childhood. Obesity Res 11:457–460.
Odeleye OE, de Courten M, Pettitt DJ, Ravussin E (1997) Fasting Hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian children. Diabetes 46:1341–1345.
Singhal A, Lucas A (2004) Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis? Lancet 363:1642–1645.
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Lucas A (2001) Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomised trials. Lancet 357:413–419.
Singhal A, Fewtrell M, Cole TJ, Lucas A (2003) Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm. Lancet 361:1089–1097.
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A (2004) Breastmilk feeding and lipoprotein profile in adolescents born preterm: Follow-up of a prospective randomised study. Lancet 363:1571–1578.
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Deanfield J, Lucas A (2004) Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health? Circulation 109:1108–1113.
Fewtrell MS, Morley R, Abbott RA et al (2001) Catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age term infants: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 74:516–523.
Morley R, Fewtrell MS, Abbott RA, Stephenson T, MacFadyen UM, Lucas A (2004) Neurodevelopment in children born small for gestational age: a randomized trial of nutrient-enriched versus standard formula and comparison with a reference breastfed group. Pediatrics 113:515–521.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dewey, K.G. (2009). Infant Feeding and Growth. In: Goldberg, G., Prentice, A., Prentice, A., Filteau, S., Simondon, K. (eds) Breast-Feeding: Early Influences on Later Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 639. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8748-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8749-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)