Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Imaging of Nephrolithiasis and Urinary Tract Calculi in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Evidence-Based Imaging in Pediatrics

Key Points

■ The clinical presentation of pediatric nephrolithiasis and urinary tract calculi can be non-specific (moderate evidence).

■ A single abdominal radiograph (“KUB”) is recommended as the initial screening test (moderate evidence).

■ The Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) is no longer used for evaluating children for renal stones but has a limited role after ureteral surgery (moderate evidence).

■ Ultrasound is the most frequently used imaging test for young children with suspected stones but has a wide range of sensitivity and specificity because of limitations inherent in the modality and because it is user dependent (moderate evidence).

■ CT is highly sensitive for the detection of nephrolithiasis and urinary tract calculi but incurs added cost and ionizing radiation (moderate evidence).

■ In older and/or larger children, CT is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate for nephrolithiasis and urinary tract calculi. The ability to localize renal, ureteral, and bladder calculi and the inherent high spatial resolution allows exact anatomic detail that may be helpful for surgical planning (moderate evidence).

■ MR is not currently recommended for evaluation of renal stones but shows promise for imaging in obstruction (limited evidence).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cheidde L, Ajzen SA, Tamer Langen CH, Christophalo D, Heilberg IP. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 106(3):c119–c124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. VanDervoort K, Wiesen J, Frank R et al. J Urol 2007 Jun; 177(6):2300–2305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bartosh SM. Urol Clin North Am 2004 Aug; 31(3):575–587, x–xi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Srivastava T, Alon US. Adolesc Med Clin 2005 Feb; 16(1):87–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Costa-Bauza A, Ramis M, Montesinos V et al. World J Urol 2007 Aug; 25(4):415–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dogan HS, Tekgul S. Curr Urol Rep 2007 Mar; 8(2):163–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Delakas D, Daskalopoulos G, Metaxari M, Triantafyllou T, Cranidis A. J Endourol 2001 Sep; 15(7):675–680.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Smaldone MC, Corcoran AT, Docimo SG, Ost MC. J Urol 2008 Nov 12.

    Google Scholar 

  9. D‘Addessi A, Bongiovanni L, Sasso F, Gulino G, Falabella R et al. J Endourol 2008 Jan 4.

    Google Scholar 

  10. D‘Addessi A, Bongiovanni L, Racioppi M, Sacco E, Bassi P. J Pediatr Surg 2008 Apr; 43(4):591–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ghali AM, Elmalik EM, Ibrahim AI, Abdulhameed E el Tahir MI. Eur Urol 1998; 33(6):529–537.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Grisi G, Stacul F, Cuttin R, Rimondini A, Meduri S et al. Eur Radiol 2000; 10(10):1620–1627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Homer JA, Davies-Payne DL, Peddinti BS. Australas Radiol 2001 Aug; 45(3):285–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pfister SA, Deckart A, Laschke S et al. Eur Radiol 2003 Nov; 13(11):2513–2520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang LJ, Ng CJ, Chen JC, Chiu TF, Wong YC. Eur Radiol 2004 Sep; 14(9):1634–1640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lotan Y, Cadeddu JA, Pearle MS. Urol Res 2005 Jun; 33(3):223–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Weizer AZ, Auge BK, Silverstein AD et al. J Urol 2002 Jul; 168(1):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Parvex P, Pippi-Salle JL, Goodyer PR. Pediatr Nephrol 2001 Dec; 16(12):1076–1079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Erbagci A, Erbagci AB, Yilmaz M et al. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2003; 37(2):129–133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Spivacow FR, Negri AL, del Valle EE, Calvino I, Fradinger E et al. Pediatr Nephrol 2008 Jul; 23(7):1129–1133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sternberg K, Greenfield SP, Williot P, Wan J. J Urol 2005 Oct; 174(4 Pt 2):1711–1714; discussion 4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wimpissinger F, Turk C, Kheyfets O, Stackl W. J Urol 2007 Oct; 178(4 Pt 1):1341–1344; discussion 4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Coward RJ, Peters CJ, Duffy PG et al. Arch Dis Child 2003 Nov; 88(11):962–965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Acar B, Inci Arikan F, Emeksiz S, Dallar Y. World J Urol 2008 Dec; 26(6):627–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Matlaga BR, Kim SC, Watkins SL, Kuo RL, Munch LC et al. J Urol 2006 May; 175(5):1716–1719; discussion 9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cranefield DJ, Odd DE, Harding JE, Teele RL. Pediatr Radiol 2004 Feb; 34(2):138–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hein G, Richter D, Manz F, Weitzel D, Kalhoff H. Pediatr Nephrol 2004 Jun; 19(6):616–620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hoppe B, Duran I, Martin A et al. Pediatr Nephrol 2002 Apr; 17(4):264–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schell-Feith EA, Holscher HC, Zonderland HM et al. Br J Radiol 2000 Nov; 73(875):1185–1191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ali SK. Congenit Heart Dis 2006 Sep; 1(5):251–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Avci Z, Koktener A, Uras N et al. Arch Dis Child 2004 Nov; 89(11):1069–1072.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mohkam M, Karimi A, Gharib A et al. Pediatr Nephrol 2007 May; 22(5):690–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khositseth S, Gillingham KJ, Cook ME, Chavers BM. Transplantation 2004 Nov 15; 78(9):1319–1323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ulinski T, Sabot JF, Bourlon I, Cochat P. Eur J Pediatr2004 Apr; 163(4–5):239–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Parry J. BMJ 2008; 337:a1738.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Xin H, Stone R. Science 2008 Nov 28; 322(5906):1310–1311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Chowdhury FU, Kotwal S, Raghunathan G, Wah TM, Joyce A et al. Clin Radiol 2007 Oct; 62(10):970–977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Akay H, Akpinar E, Ergun O, Ozmen CA, Haliloglu M. Diagn Interv Radiol 2006 Sep; 12(3):147–150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ege G, Akman H, Kuzucu K, Yildiz S. Clin Radiol 2003 Dec; 58(12):990–994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. El-Nahas AR, El-Assmy AM, Mansour O, Sheir KZ. Eur Urol 2007 Jun; 51(6):1688–1693; discussion 93–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Coll DM, Varanelli MJ, Smith RC. Am J Roentgenol 2002 Jan; 178(1):101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ketelslegers E, Van Beers BE. Eur Radiol 2006 Jan; 16(1):161–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Olcott EW, Sommer FG, Napel S. Radiology 1997 Jul; 204(1):19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zarse CA, Hameed TA, Jackson ME et al. Urol Res 2007 Aug; 35(4):201–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Park SJ, Yi BH, Lee HK, Kim YH, Kim GJ et al. J Ultrasound Med 2008 Oct; 27(10):1441–1450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Catalano O, Nunziata A, Altei F, Siani A. S Am J Roentgenol 2002 Feb; 178(2):379–387.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Smith SL, Somers JM, Broderick N, Halliday K. Clin Radiol 2000 Sep; 55(9):708–710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tisdale BE, Siemens DR, Lysack J, Nolan RL, Wilson JW. Can J Urol 2007 Apr; 14(2):3489–3492.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Katz D, McGahan JP, Gerscovich EO, Troxel SA, Low RK. J Endourol 2003 Dec; 17(10):847–850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zagoria RJ, Khatod EG, Chen MY. Am J Roentgenol 2001 May; 176(5):1117–1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jackman SV, Potter SR, Regan F, Jarrett TW. J Urol 2000 Aug; 164(2):308–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Eray O, Cubuk MS, Oktay C, Yilmaz S, Cete Y et al. Am J Emerg Med 2003 Mar; 21(2):152–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kobayashi T, Nishizawa K, Watanabe J, Ogura K. J Urol 2003 Sep; 170(3):799–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Narepalem N, Sundaram CP, Boridy IC, Yan Y, Heiken JP et al. J Urol 2002 Mar; 167(3):1235–1238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Assi Z, Platt JF, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Korobkin M. Am J Roentgenol 2000 Aug; 175(2):333–337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ege G, Akman H, Kuzucu K, Yildiz S. Acta Radiol 2004 Jul; 45(4):469–473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fielding JR, Steele G, Fox LA, Heller H, Loughlin KR. J Urol 1997 Jun; 157(6):2071–2073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nachmann MM, Harkaway RC, Summerton SL et al. Am J Emerg Med 2000 Oct; 18(6):649–652.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Miller OF, Rineer SK, Reichard SR et al. Urology 1998 Dec; 52(6):982–987.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Myers MT, Elder JS, Sivit CJ, Applegate KE. Pediatr Radiol 2001 Mar; 31(3):135–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Oner S, Oto A, Tekgul S et al. JBR-BTR 2004 Sep–Oct; 87(5):219–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ulusan S, Koc Z, Tokmak N. J Clin Ultrasound 2007 Jun; 35(5):256–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Palmer JS, Donaher ER, O‘Riordan MA, Dell KM. J Urol 2005 Oct; 174(4 Pt 1):1413–1416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goldman SM, Faintuch S, Ajzen SA et al. Am J Roentgenol 2004 May; 182(5):1251–1254.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dundee P, Bouchier-Hayes D, Haxhimolla H, Dowling R, Costello A. J Endourol 2006 Dec; 20(12):1005–1009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Deveci S, Coskun M, Tekin MI, Peskircioglu L, Tarhan NC et al. Urology 2004 Aug; 64(2):237–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Gupta NP, Ansari MS, Kesarvani P, Kapoor A, Mukhopadhyay S. BJU Int 2005 Jun; 95(9):1285–1288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Motley G, Dalrymple N, Keesling C, Fischer J, Harmon W. Urology 2001 Aug; 58(2):170–173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Perks AE, Schuler TD, Lee J et al. Urology 2008 Oct; 72(4):765–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sheir KZ, Mansour O, Madbouly K, Elsobky E, Abdel-Khalek M. Urol Res 2005 May; 33(2):99–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wang LJ, Wong YC, Chuang CK et al. Eur Radiol 2005 Nov; 15(11):2238–2243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Weld KJ, Montiglio C, Morris MS, Bush AC, Cespedes RD. Urology 2007 Dec; 70(6):1043–1046; discussion 6–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Williams JC, Jr, Kim SC, Zarse CA, McAteer JA, Lingeman JE. J Endourol 2004 Dec; 18(10):937–941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nakada SY, Hoff DG, Attai S, Heisey D, Blankenbaker D et al. Urology 2000 Jun; 55(6):816–819.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Stolzmann P, Scheffel H, Rentsch K et al. Urol Res 2008 Aug; 36(3–4):133–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kosar A, Sarica K, Aydos K, Kupeli S, Turkolmez K et al. Int J Urol 1999 Mar; 6(3):125–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Osman Y, El-Tabey N, Refai H et al. J Urol 2008 Jan; 179(1):198–200; discussion

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Halachmi S, Ghersin E, Ginesin Y, Meretyk S. J Endourol 2007 May; 21(5):473–477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bird VG, Gomez-Marin O, Leveillee RJ, Sfakianakis GN, Rivas LA et al. J Urol 2002 Apr; 167(4):1597–1603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Eshed I, Kornecki A, Rabin A, Elias S, Katz R. Eur J Radiol 2002 Jan; 41(1):60–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hoppe H, Studer R, Kessler TM, Vock P, Studer UE et al. J Urol 2006 May; 175(5):1725–1730; discussion 30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kluner C, Hein PA, Gralla O et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006 Jan–Feb; 30(1):44–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Heneghan JP, McGuire KA, Leder RA, DeLong DM, Yoshizumi T et al. Radiology 2003 Nov; 229(2):575–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kalra MK, Maher MM, D‘Souza RV et al. Radiology 2005 May; 235(2):523–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Karmazyn B, Frush D, Applegate KE, Maxfield C, Cohen M et al. Am J Roentgenol. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kim BS, Hwang IK, Choi YW et al. Acta Radiol 2005 Nov; 46(7):756–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Liu W, Esler SJ, Kenny BJ, Goh RH, Rainbow AJ et al. Radiology 2000 Apr; 215(1):51–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mulkens TH, Daineffe S, De Wijngaert R et al. Am J Roentgenol 2007 Feb; 188(2):553–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Paulson EK, Weaver C, Ho LM et al. Am J Roentgenol 2008 Jan; 190(1):151–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Poletti PA, Platon A, Rutschmann OT, Schmidlin FR, Iselin CE et al. Am J Roentgenol 2007 Apr; 188(4):927–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Diel J, Perlmutter S, Venkataramanan N, Mueller R, Lane MJ et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000 Sep–Oct; 24(5):795–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Niall O, Russell J, MacGregor R, Duncan H, Mullins J. J Urol 1999 Feb; 161(2):534–537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Arslan G et al. Eur Radiol 1998; 8(2):212–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Wong SK, Ng LG, Tan BS et al. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001 Nov; 30(6):568–572.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Eikefjord EN, Thorsen F, Rorvik J. Am J Roentgenol 2007 Apr; 188(4):934–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Mendelson RM, Arnold-Reed DE, Kuan M et al. Australas Radiol 2003 Mar; 47(1):22–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Diament MJ, Malekzadeh M. J Pediatr 1986 Dec; 109(6):980–983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ather MH, Jafri AH, Sulaiman MN. BMC Med Imaging 2004 Jul 29; 4(1):2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Patlas M, Farkas A, Fisher D, Zaghal I, Hadas-Halpern I. Br J Radiol 2001 Oct; 74(886):901–904.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Ozden E, Gogus C, Turkolmez K, Yagci C. J Ultrasound Med 2005 Dec; 24(12):1651–1657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gaspari RJ, Horst K. Acad Emerg Med 2005 Dec; 12(12):1180–1184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Catalano O, Nunziata A, Sandomenico F, Siani A. Emerg Radiol 2002 Sep; 9(3):146–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Onur MR, Cubuk M, Andic C, Kartal M, Arslan G. Urol Res 2007 Dec; 35(6):307–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Pepe P, Motta L, Pennisi M, Aragona F. Eur J Radiol 2005 Jan; 53(1):131–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Brkljacic B, Kuzmic AC, Dmitrovic R, Rados M, Vidjak V. Eur Radiol 2002 Nov; 12(11):2747–2751.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Geavlete P, Georgescu D, Cauni V, Nita G. Eur Urol 2002 Jan; 41(1):71–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Gurel S, Akata D, Gurel K, Ozmen MN, Akhan O. J Ultrasound Med 2006 Sep; 25(9):1113–1120; quiz 21–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Coley BD, Arellano RS, Talner LB, Baker KG, Peterson T et al. Acad Radiol 1995 May; 2(5):373–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Burge HJ, Middleton WD, McClennan BL, Hildebolt CF. Radiology 1991 Aug; 180(2):437–442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Cvitkovic Kuzmic A, Brkljacic B, Rados M, Galesic K. Eur J Radiol 2001 Sep; 39(3):209–214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Leung VY, Chu WC, Yeung CK, Metreweli C. Pediatr Radiol 2007 May; 37(5):417–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Volkmer BG, Nesslauer T, Kuefer R, Engel O, Kraemer SC et al. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002 Feb; 28(2):143–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ripolles T, Agramunt M, Errando J, Martinez MJ, Coronel B, Morales M. Eur Radiol 2004 Jan; 14(1):129–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Pallwein L et al. BJU Int 2007 Oct; 100(4):887–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Eshed I, Witzling M. Pediatr Radiol 2002 Mar; 32(3):205–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Blandino A, Minutoli F, Scribano E et al. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004 Aug; 20(2):264–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Regan F, Kuszyk B, Bohlman ME, Jackman S. Br J Radiol 2005 Jun; 78(930):506–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sudah M, Vanninen RL, Partanen K et al. Radiology 2002 Apr; 223(1):98–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Shokeir AA, El-Diasty T, Eassa W et al. J Urol 2004 Jun; 171(6 Pt 1):2303–2306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. DeFoor W, Minevich E, Reddy P et al. J Urol 2004 Nov; 172(5 Pt 1):1964–1966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hernandez DJ, Purves T, Gearhart JP. J Pediatr Urol 2008 Dec; 4(6):460–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Merenda LA, Duffy T, Betz RR, Mulcahey MJ, Dean G et al. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30(Suppl 1):S41–S47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Roberts WW, Gearhart JP, Mathews RI. J Urol 2004 Oct; 172(4 Pt 2):1706–1708; discussion 9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Salah MA, Holman E, Khan AM, Toth C. J Pediatr Surg 2005 Oct; 40(10):1628–1631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Khammanivong K et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004; 35(Suppl 2):50–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Gillespie RS, Stapleton FB. Pediatr Rev 2004 Apr; 25(4):131–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Milliner DS, Murphy ME. Mayo Clin Proc 1993 Mar; 68(3):241–248.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Stapleton FB, McKay CP, Noe HN. Pediatr Ann 1987 Dec; 16(12):980-1, 4-92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Diamond DA. Br J Urol 1991 Aug; 68(2):195–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Perrone HC, dos Santos DR, Santos MV et al. Pediatr Nephrol 1992 Jan; 6(1):54–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Escribano J, Balaguer A, Martin R, Feliu A, Espax R. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2004; 38(5):422–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Nicoletta JA, Lande MB. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006 Jun; 53(3):479–491, vii.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Menon M, Resnick MI. In Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr et al. (eds.). Campbell’s Urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2002; 3276.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Diamond DA, Menon M, Lee PH, Rickwood AM, Johnston JH. J Urol 1989 Aug; 142(2 Pt 2):606–608; discussion 19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Dello Strologo L, Laurenzi C, Legato A, Pastore A. Pediatr Nephrol 2007 Nov; 22(11):1869–1873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hoffman N, McGee SM, Hulbert JC. Urology 2003 May; 61(5):1035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Sarica K, Erturhan S, Yurtseven C, Yagci F. J Endourol 2006 Nov; 20(11):875–879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Hollingsworth JM, Rogers MA, Kaufman SR et al. Lancet 2006 Sep 30; 368(9542):1171–1179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Wadhwa P, Aron M, Seth A, Dogra PN, Hemal AK et al. J Endourol 2007 Feb; 21(2):141–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Brinkmann OA, Griehl A, Kuwertz-Broking E, Bulla M, Hertle L. Eur Urol 2001 May; 39(5):591–597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Tanaka ST, Makari JH, Pope JC, Adams MC, Brock JW, 3rd, Thomas JC. J Urol 2008 Nov; 180(5):2150–2153; discussion 3–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Tan MO, Kirac M, Onaran M, Karaoglan U, Deniz N et al. Urol Res 2006 Jun; 34(3):215–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. El-Assmy A, Hafez AT, Eraky I, El-Nahas AR, El-Kappany HA. J Endourol 2006 Apr; 20(4):252–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Erturhan S, Yagci F, Sarica K. J Endourol 2007 Apr; 21(4):397–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wadhwa P, Aron M, Bal CS, Dhanpatty B, Gupta NP. J Endourol 2007 Sep; 21(9):961–966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Erdodru T, Aker O, Kaplancan T, Erodlu E. Int Braz J Urol 2002 Nov–Dec; 28(6):516–521.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Parekattil SJ, Kumar U, Hegarty NJ et al. J Urol 2006 Feb; 175(2):575–579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Pietrow PK, Karellas ME. Am Fam Physician 2006 Jul 1; 74(1):86–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Candau C, Saussine C, Lang H, Roy C, Faure F et al. Eur Urol 2000 Jan; 37(1):18–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Streem SB, Yost A, Mascha E. J Urol 1996 Apr; 155(4):1186–1190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Zanetti G, Seveso M, Montanari E et al. J Urol 1997 Aug; 158(2):352–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Miles SG, Kaude JV, Newman RC, Thomas WC, Williams CM. Am J Roentgenol 1988 Feb; 150(2):307–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Afshar K, McLorie G, Papanikolaou F et al. J Urol 2004 Oct; 172(4 Pt 2):1600–1603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Osman MM, Alfano Y, Kamp S et al. Eur Urol 2005 Jun; 47(6):860–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cannon GM, Smaldone MC, Wu HY et al. J Endourol 2007 Oct; 21(10):1179–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Kupeli B, Gurocak S, Tunc L, Senocak C, Karaoglan U et al. Int Urol Nephrol 2005; 37(2):225–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Karadag MA, Tefekli A, Altunrende F, Tepeler A, Baykal M et al. J Endourol 2008 Feb; 22(2):261–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. El-Ghar ME, Shokeir AA, El-Diasty TA, Refaie HF, Gad HM et al. J Urol 2004 Sep; 172(3):985–988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Sourtzis S, Thibeau JF, Damry N, Raslan A, Vandendris M et al. Am J Roentgenol 1999 Jun; 172(6):1491–1494.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Fowler KA, Locken JA, Duchesne JH, Williamson MR. Radiology 2002 Jan; 222(1):109–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Hamm M, Knopfle E, Wartenberg S, Wawroschek F, Weckermann D et al. J Urol 2002 Apr; 167(4):1687–1691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina Children’s Hospital, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Lynn Ansley Fordham

  2. Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of North Carolina Children’s Hospital, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Richard W. Sutherland MD (Associate Professor)

  3. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Debbie S. Gipson MD, MS (Associate Professor)

Authors
  1. Lynn Ansley Fordham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard W. Sutherland MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Debbie S. Gipson MD, MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lynn Ansley Fordham .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Radiology, Miami Children's Hospital, SW 114 Street 7420, Miami , 33156, U.S.A.

    L. Santiago Medina

  2. Dept. Radiology, Riley Children's Hospital, Barnhill Drive 702 , Indianapolis, 46202-5200, U.S.A.

    Kimberly E. Applegate

  3. Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Ninth Avenue 325, Seattle, 98104-2499, U.S.A.

    C. Craig Blackmore

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fordham, L.A., Sutherland, R.W., Gipson, D.S. (2010). Imaging of Nephrolithiasis and Urinary Tract Calculi in Children. In: Medina, L., Applegate, K., Blackmore, C. (eds) Evidence-Based Imaging in Pediatrics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0922-0_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0922-0_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0921-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0922-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation