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Nutrition and Bone Health pp 217–230Cite as

Calcium and Vitamin D for Bone Health in Adults

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Abstract

Low calcium and vitamin D intakes are established nutritional risk factors for osteoporosis. This chapter reviews the impact of these nutrients on calcium homeostasis and fracture risk and their role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It also reviews the impact of vitamin D on risk of falling. The calcium intake requirement is challenging to determine, and the IOM recommendations are based largely on calcium balance studies. The IOM recommends a calcium intake of 1,000–1,200 mg per day for older adults to support the preservation of bone mass. Food sources of calcium are preferred because higher intakes of calcium in supplement form have been associated with increased risk of kidney stones, and possibly also with increased risk of myocardial infarction and of death from heart disease. Vitamin D lowers fracture risk as a result of combined favorable effects on BMD, muscle performance, balance, and risk of falling. The magnitude of the risk reduction for falls and fractures with vitamin D supplementation is approximately 20 %. Daily, weekly, or monthly dosing of vitamin D3 is recommended, and high, infrequent dosing should be avoided because it increases risk of falls and fractures.

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Acknowledgement

This material is based on work supported by the US Department of Agriculture, under agreement number 58-1950-7-707. Any opinions, findings, conclusion, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Department of Agriculture.

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  1. Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Bess Dawson-Hughes M.D.

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Correspondence to Bess Dawson-Hughes M.D. .

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  1. Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael F. Holick

  2. Helen Hayes Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Jeri W. Nieves

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Dawson-Hughes, B. (2015). Calcium and Vitamin D for Bone Health in Adults. In: Holick, M., Nieves, J. (eds) Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_14

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