Skip to main content

The Measurement of Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) at Work

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Work Stress and Health in a Globalized Economy

Abstract

In this chapter, the measurement of the model of effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work is presented in detail. Specifically, its assessment in terms of psychometrically validated scales representing the latent construct, the test of core hypotheses, and the two procedures of rating the self-reported data in terms of Likert-scaled items are described. This information applies to the original version and the short version of the ERI questionnaire. So far, psychometrically validated scales have been developed and applied in 14 languages. In addition, some critical methodological aspects are discussed, such as the reduced comparability of data due to the two rating procedure formats, the problem of critical thresholds of scales, and the challenges of trans-cultural applications of the instrument. The final part presents some suggestions for future measurement developments. Despite methodological limitations the ERI questionnaire has produced a substantial amount of new knowledge with relevance to science and policy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, J. S. (1965) Inequity in social exchange. In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Allisey, A., Rodwell, J., & Noblet, A. (2012). Personality and the effort-reward imbalance model of stress: Individual differences in reward sensitivity. Work and Stress, 26, 230–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almadi, T., Cathers, I., & Chow, C. M. (2013). An arabic version of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire: Translation and validation study. Psychological Reports, 113, 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagaajav, A., Myagmarjav, S., Nanjid, K., Otgon, S., & Chae, Y. M. (2011). Burnout and job stress among mongolian doctors and nurses. Industrial Health, 49, 582–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 305–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borsboom, D. (2006). The attack of the psychometricians. Psychometrika, 71, 425–440. doi:10.1007/s11336-006-1447-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychology Review, 111, 1061–1071. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.1061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosma, H., Peter, R., Siegrist, J., & Marmot, M. (1998). Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Public Health, 88, 68–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buapetch, A., Lagampan, S., Faucett, J., & Kalampakorn, S. (2008). The Thai version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Thai ERIQ): A study of psychometric properties in garment workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 50, 480–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. (2010). Workplace stress and well‐being across cultures: Research and practice. Cross Cultural Management, 17, 5–9. doi:10.1108/13527601011016871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, B., et al. (2009). Cross-language differential item functioning of the job content questionnaire among European countries: The JACE study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 136–147. doi:10.1007/s12529-009-9048-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Jonge, J., van der Linden, S., Schaufeli, W., Peter, R., & Siegrist, J. (2008). Factorial invariance and stability of the effort-reward imbalance scales: A longitudinal analysis of two samples with different time lags. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 62–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61, 1203–1218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavioral consequences. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9, 522–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. R. (2011). The fallacy of formative measurement. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 370–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eum, K.-D., Li, J., Lee, H.-E., Kim, S.-S., Paek, D., Siegrist, J., & Cho, S.-I. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire: A study in a petrochemical company. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80, 653–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayers, P. M., Hand, D. J., Bjordal, K., & Groenvold, M. (1997). Causal indicators in quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 6, 393–406. doi:10.1023/A:1018491512095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E., & Gintis, H. (2007). Human motivation and social cooperation: Experimental and analytical foundations. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 43–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete, C., Wahrendorf, M., Reinhardt, J. D., Post, M. W. M., & Siegrist, J. (2014). Work stress and quality of life in persons with disabilities from four European countries: The case of spinal cord injury. Quality of Life Research, 23, 1661–1671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamage, A. U., & Seneviratne, R. A. (2015) Perceived job stress and presence of hypertension among administrative officers in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac J Public Health [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1177/1010539515598834

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griep, R. H., Rotenberg, L., Vasconcellos, A. G. G., Landsbergis, P., Comaru, C. M., & Alves, M. G. M. (2009). The psychometric properties of demand-control and effort-reward imbalance scales among Brazilian nurses. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82, 1163–1172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadzibajramovic, E., Ahlborg, G., & Grimby-Ekman, A. (2015). A longitudinal study of the impact of psychoscoial job stressors on symptoms of burnour, synchronous and delayed effects. Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, E. K., Schaufeli, W., Vrijkotte, T., Plomp, N. H., & Godaert, G. L. (2000). The validity and reliability of the Dutch effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 142–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, J., et al. (Eds.). (2010). Survey methods in multinational, multiregional, and multicultural contexts. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselhorn, H., Tackenberg, P., Peter, R., & Group NS. (2004). Effort-reward imbalance among nurses in stable countries and in countries in transition. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 10, 401–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayduk, L. A., & Littvay, L. (2012). Should researchers use single indicators, best indicators, or multiple indicators in structural equation models? BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 159. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-159.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez Lallement, J., Kuss, K., Trautner, P., Weber, B., Falk, A., & Fliessbach, K. (2013). Effort increases sensitivity to reward and loss magnitude in the human brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 342–349.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hintsanen, M., Elovainio, M., Puttonen, S., Kivimäki, M., Koskinen, T., Raitakari, O., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2007). Effort-reward imbalance, heart rate, and heart rate variability: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 202–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, P., & Wainer, H. (Eds.). (1993). Differential item functioning. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R., Hanges, P., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. M. (2006). Using computerized ambulatory diaries for the assessement of job characteristics and work-related stress in nurses. Work and Stress, 20, 163–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D. W., Jones, M. C., Charles, K., McCann, S. K., & McKee, L. (2013). Stress in nurses: Stress-related affect and its determinants examined over the nursing day. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45, 348–356. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9458-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juarez-Garcia, A., Vera-Calzaretta, A., Blanco-Gomez, G., Gomez-Ortiz, V., Hernandez-Mendoza, E., Jacinto-Ubillus, J., & Choi, B. (2015). Validity of the effort/reward imbalance questionnaire in health professionals from six Latin-American countries. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 58, 636–649. doi:10.1002/ajim.22432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juvani, A., Oksanen, T., Salo, P., Virtanen, M., Kivimaki, M., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2014). Effort-reward imbalance as a risk factor for disability pension: The Finnish Public Sector Study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 40, 266–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 45, 1623–1630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306, 1776–1780. doi:10.1126/science.1103572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G., Murray, C. J. L., Salomon, J. A., & Tandon, A. (2004). Enhancing the validity and cross-cultural comparability of measurement in survey research. The American Political Science Review, 98, 191–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, A., Feldt, T., & Mäkikangas, A. (2007). Testing the effort-reward imbalance model among Finnish managers: The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 114–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kivimäki, M., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., & Siegrist, J. (2007). Effort-reward imbalance, procedural injustice and relational injustice as psychosocial predictors of health: Complementary or redundant models? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64, 659–665.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kompier, M. (2005). Assessing the psychosocial work environment-“subjective” versus “objective” measurement. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 31, 405–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., Rugulies, R., & Maslach, C. (2010). Effort-reward imbalance at work and self-rated health of Las Vegas hotel room cleaners. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 53, 372–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, N., & Johansson, E. (2008). New evidence on cross-country differences in job satisfaction using anchoring vignettes. Labour Economics, 15, 96–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurioka, S., Inoue, A., & Tsutsumi, A. (2013). Optimum cut-off point of the Japanese short version of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health, 55, 340–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, B. (2008). Effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment in employees in a Norwegian municipality: A cross sectional study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3, 9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledoux, J. E. (1989). Cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 267–289. doi:10.1080/02699938908412709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehr, D., Koch, S., & Hillert, A. (2010). Where is (im)balance? Necessity and construction of evaluated cut-off pointers for effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 251–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leineweber, C., Wege, N., Westerlund, H., Theorell, T., Wahrendorf, M., & Siegrist, J. (2010). How valid is a short measure of effort-reward imbalance at work? A replication study from Sweden. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67, 526–531. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.050930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Yang, W., Cheng, Y., Siegrist, J., & Cho, S.-I. (2005). Effort-reward imbalance at work and job dissatisfaction in Chinese healthcare workers: A validation study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 78, 198–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., et al. (2012a). Psychometric properties and differential explanation of a short measure of effort-reward imbalance at work: A study of industrial workers in Germany. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 55, 808–815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Loerbroks, A., Shang, L., Wege, N., Wahrendorf, M., & Siegrist, J. (2012b). Validation of a short measure of effort-reward imbalance in the workplace: Evidence from China. Journal of Occupational Health, 54, 427–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macias Robles, M. D., Fernandez-Lopez, J. A., Hernandez-Mejia, R., Cueto-Espinar, A., Rancano, I., & Siegrist, J. (2003). Measuring psychosocial stress at work in Spanish hospital’s personnel. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Effort-Reward Imbalance model. Medicina Clinica Barcelona, 120, 652–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGillis Hall, L., & Kiesners, D. (2005). A narrative approach to understanding the nursing work environment in Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 2482–2491. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Msaouel, P., et al. (2012). The effort-reward imbalance questionnaire in Greek: Translation, validation and psychometric properties in health professionals. Journal of Occupational Health, 54, 119–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niedhammer, I., Teck, M. L., Starke, D., & Siegrist, J. (2004). Effort-reward imbalance model and self reported health: Cross-sectional and prospective results from the GAZEL Cohort. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1531–1541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostry, A. S., Kelly, S., Demers, P. A., Mustard, C., & Hertzman, C. (2003). A comparison between the effort-reward imbalance and demand control models. BMC Public Health, 3, 10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, R., & Siegrist, J. (1997). Chronic work stress, sickness absence, and hypertension in middle managers: General or specific sociological explanations? Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1111–1120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pikhart, H., Bobak, M., Siegrist, J., Pajak, A., et al. (2001). Psychosocial work characteristics and self-rated health in four post-communist countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55, 624–630.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pikhart, H., et al. (2004). Psychosocial factors at work and depression in three countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1475–1482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, C. (2014). Health and wellbeing of older workers: relationships with gender, effort-reward imbalance and flexibility. Dissertation, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sidney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rantanen, J., Feldt, T., Hyvönen, K., Kinnunen, U., & Mäkikangas, A. (2012). Factorial validity of the effort-reward imbalance scale: Evidence from multi-sample and three-wave follow-up studies. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86, 645–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rau, R., Gebele, N., Morling, K., & Rösler, U. (2010). Untersuchung arbeitsbedingter Ursachen für das Auftreten von depressiven Störungen [An investigation of the occupational causes associated with the incidence of depressive disorders]. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rödel, A., Siegrist, J., Hessel, A., & Brähler, E. (2004). Fragebogen zur Messung beruflicher Gratifikationskrisen. Psychometrische Testung an einer repräsentativen deutschen Stichprobe. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 25, 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royston, P., Altman, D. G., & Sauerbrei, W. (2006). Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: A bad idea. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 127–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J. (1996a). Adverse health effects of high effort – Low reward conditions at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J. (1996b). Soziale krisen und Gesundheit: Eine Theorie der Gesundheitsförderung am Beispiel von Herz-Kreislauf-Risiken im Erwerbsleben. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J. (2002). Effort-reward imbalance at work and health. In P. Perrewé & D. Ganster (Eds.), Historical and current perspectives on stress and health (pp. 261–291). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Matschinger, H., Cremer, P., & Seidel, D. (1988). Atherogenic risk in men suffering from occupational stress. Atherosclerosis, 69, 211–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004). The measurement of Effort-Reward Imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1483–1499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Wahrendorf, M., von dem Knesebeck, O., Jurges, H., & Borsch-Supan, A. (2007). Quality of work, well-being, and intended early retirement of older employees: Baseline results from the SHARE Study. European Journal of Public Health, 17, 62–68. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Wege, N., Pühlhofer, F., & Wahrendorf, M. (2009). A short generic measure of work stress in the era of globalization: Effort-reward imbalance. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82, 1005–1013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Lunau, T., Wahrendorf, M., & Dragano, N. (2012). Depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress at work among older employees in three continents. Globalization and Health, 8, 27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist, J., Li, J., & Montano, D. (2014). Psychometric properties of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. www.uniklinik-duesseldorf.de/med-soziologie. Accessed 4 Aug 2015.

  • Sudman, S., Bradburn, N., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Thinking about answers. San Francisco: Josey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tei-Tominaga, M., Akiyama, T., Miyake, Y., & Sakai, Y. (2009). The relationship between temperament, job stress and overcommitment: A cross-sectional study using the TEMPS-A and a scale of ERI. Industrial Health, 47, 509–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, W., & Thomas, D. (1928). The child in America: Behavior problems and programs. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Törnroos, M., et al. (2014). Longitudinal measurement invariance of the effort-reward imbalance scales in the Young Finns study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71, 289–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tricomi, E., Rangel, A., Camerer, C. F., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2010). Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences. Nature, 463, 1089–1091. doi:10.1038/nature08785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi, A., Ishitake, T., Peter, R., Siegrist, J., & Matoba, T. (2001). The Japanese version of the effort-reward-imbalance questionnaire: A study in dental technicians. Work and Stress, 15, 86–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi, A., Nagami, M., Morimoto, K., & Matoba, T. (2002). Responsiveness of measures in the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire to organizational changes: A validation study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52, 249–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi, A., Iwata, N., Wakita, T., Kumagai, R., Noguchi, H., & Kawakami, N. (2008). Improving the measurement accuracy of the effort-reward imbalance scales. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 109–119. doi:10.1080/10705500801929718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi, A., et al. (2009). Application of item response theory to achieve cross-cultural comparability of occupational stress measurement. International Journal of Methods Psychiatry, 18, 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vegchel, N., de Jonge, J., & Meijer, T. (2001). Different effort constructs and effort-reward imbalance: Effects on employee well-being in ancillary health care workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34, 128–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Vegchel, N., de Jonge, J., Bosma, H., & Schaufeli, W. (2005). Reviewing the effort-reward imbalance model: Drawing up the balance of 45 empirical studies. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 1117–1131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von dem Knesebeck, O., Dragano, N., Moebus, S., Jöckel, K.-H., Erbel, R., & Siegrist, J. (2009). Psychosoziale Belastungen in sozialen Beziehungen und gesundheitliche Einschränkungen. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 59, 186–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahrendorf, M., & Siegrist, J. (2014). Proximal and distal determinants of stressful work: Framework and analysis of retrospective European data. BMC Public Health, 14, 849.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wege, N., Dragano, N., Moebus, S., Stang, A., Erbel, R., Jöckel, K. H., & Siegrist, J. (2008). When does work stress hurt? Testing the interaction with socioeconomic status in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 338–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weyers, S., Peter, R., Boggild, H., Jeppesen, H., & Siegrist, J. (2006). Psychosocial work stress is associated with poor self-rated health in Danish nurses: A test of the effort-reward imbalance model. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20, 26–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, T. A., O’Connor, D., & Smith, L. (2008). Investigating effort-reward imbalance and work-family conflict in relation to morningness-eveningess and shift work. Work and Stress, 22, 125–137. doi:10.1080/02678370802180558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadegarfar, G., et al. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of effort-reward imbalance questionnaire: A longitudinal study in employees of a synthetic fibre factory in Iran. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86, 147–155. doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0750-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z., Yang, B., & Li, J. (2015). Perspectives on compensation and legislation of death due to work overload-karoshi. QJM, 108, 349–350. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcu207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, K., Hirao, T., Yoda, T., Yoshioka, A., & Shirakami, G. (2014). Effort-reward imbalance and low back pain among eldercare workers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional study in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 56, 197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zurlo, M., Pes, D., & Siegrist, J. (2010). Validity and reliability of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire in a sample of 673 Italian teachers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 83, 665–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego Montano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Montano, D., Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2016). The Measurement of Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) at Work. In: Siegrist, J., Wahrendorf, M. (eds) Work Stress and Health in a Globalized Economy. Aligning Perspectives on Health, Safety and Well-Being. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32937-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics