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Principles of Bone and Joint Research pp 33–53Cite as

Osteoclasts: Essentials and Methods

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Abstract

Osteoclasts are monocyte/macrophage arising cells with the classical function of bone resorption, thus fulfilling the bone remodelling process in concert with osteoblasts. The correct balance between osteogenic functions and osteoclast activity is mandatory to prevent skeletal diseases. While an exacerbated bone resorption is associated with bone loss, eventually leading to osteoporosis, the lack of osteoclast activity is responsible for osteopetrosis, a rare genetic disorder characterised by increased bone density and a wide heterogeneity in terms of severity, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal in infancy. Besides this well-established role in bone resorption, new functions have been recently attributed to the osteoclast. Indeed there is a reciprocal crosstalk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts which influence each other, in case of osteoclasts by releasing factors from the resorbing matrix and by secreting the so-called clastokines. Another recently discovered function of osteoclasts is haematopoiesis regulation. This draws to the obvious consequence that any osteoclast dysfunction would not cause exclusively a bone phenotype. As for other cell types, the knowledge of osteoclast biology has benefited from the study of skeletal diseases in which their formation and function are compromised. Furthermore, well-established methods are available to perform osteoclast primary cultures, and the identification of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor ĸB ligand (RANKL) as pro-osteoclastogenic factors fostered their employment. Therefore, nowadays the preferential way to obtain purified differentiated osteoclasts is to isolate osteoclast precursors from the bone marrow or peripheral blood mononuclear cells and treat with the above-mentioned pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines.

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  1. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio – Coppito 2, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy

    Nadia Rucci PhD & Anna Teti PhD

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  1. Nadia Rucci PhD
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  2. Anna Teti PhD
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Correspondence to Anna Teti PhD .

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  1. Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Peter Pietschmann

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Rucci, N., Teti, A. (2017). Osteoclasts: Essentials and Methods. In: Pietschmann, P. (eds) Principles of Bone and Joint Research. Learning Materials in Biosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58955-8_3

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