Abstract
Regions of DNA that are unusually rich in dA.dT base pairs play a key role in the structure and function of the eukaryotic genome. AT-rich sequences are found within origins of replication in both plants and animals (Eckdahl et al. 1989; Eckdahl and Anderson 1990), within the scaffold associated regions (SARs) that anchor chromatin to the nuclear matrix (Gasser and Laemmli 1986) and upstream of yeast (Struhl 1985) and mammalian (Fashena et al. 1992) promoters, where they serve as transcriptional activators.
Chapter PDF
References
Allen RD, Bernier F, Lessard PA, Beachy RN (1989) Nuclear factors interact with a soybean ß-conglycinin enhancer. Plant Cell 1: 623 - 631
Beachy PA, Krasnow MA, Gavis ER, Hogness DS (1988) An Ultrabithorax protein binds sequences near its own and the Antennapedia PI promoters. Cell 55:1069-1081
Bustin M, Lehn DA, Landsman D (1990) Structural features of the HMG chromosomal proteins and their genes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1049: 231 - 243
Bustos MM, Guiltinan MJ, Jordan() J, Begum D, Kalkan FA, Hall TC (1989) Regulation of (3-glucuronidase expression in transgenic tobacco plants by an A/T-rich, cis-acting sequence found upstream of a French bean (3-phaseolin gene. Plant Cell 1: 839 - 853
Chasman DI, Lue NF, Buchman AR, LaPointe JW, Lorch Y, Kornberg RD (1990) A yeast protein that influences the chromatin structure of UASG and functions as a powerful auxiliary gene activator. Genes Dev 4: 503 - 514
Chen Z-L, Schuler MA, Beachy RN (1986) Functional analysis of regulatory elements in a plant embryo specific gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8560 - 8564
Coates D, Taliercio EW, Gerlrin SB (1987) Chromatin structure of integrated T-DNA in crown gall tumors. Plant Mol Biol 8: 159 - 168
Cushman JC, Bohnert HJ (1992) Salt stress alters A/T-rich DNA-binding factor interactions within the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Plant Mol Biol 20: 411 - 424
Czarnecka E, Fox PC, Gurley WB (1990) In vitro interaction of nuclear proteins with the promoter of soybean heat shock gene Gmhsp 17.5E. Plant Physiol 94: 935 - 943.
Czarnecka E, Ingersoll JC, Gurley WB (1992) AT-rich promoter elements of soybean heat shock gene Gmhsp 17.5E bind two distinct sets of nuclear proteins in vitro. Plant Mol Biol 19: 985 - 1000
Datta N, Cashmore AR (1989) Binding of a pea nuclear protein to promoters of certain photoregulated genes is modulated by phosphorylation. Plant Cell 1: 1069 - 1077
de Bruijn FJ, Schell J (1993) Regulation of plant genes specifically induced in developing and mature nitrogen-fixing nodules: cis-acting elements and transacting factors. In: Verma DPS (ed) Control of plant gene expression. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 241
de Bruijn FJ, Felix G, Grunenberg B, Hoffmann HJ, Metz B, Ratet P, Simons-Schreier A, Szabados L, Welters P, Schell J (1989) Regulation of plant genes specifically induced in nitrogen-fixing nodules: role of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors in leghemoglobin gene expression. Plant Mol Biol 13: 319 - 325
de Bruijn FJ, Szabados L, Schell J (1990) Chimeric genes and transgenic plants are used to study the regulation of genes involved in symbiotic plant-microbe interactions (nodulin genes). Dev Genet 11: 182 - 196
Eckdahl TT, Anderson JN (1990) Conserved DNA structures in origins of replication. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 1609 - 1612
Eckdahl TT, Bennetzen JL, Anderson JN (1989) DNA structures associated with autonomously replicating sequences from plants. Plant Mol Biol 12: 507 - 516
Fashena SJ, Reeves R, Ruddle NH (1992) A poly (dA-dT) upstream activating sequence binds high-mobility group I protein and contributes to lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-ß) gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 12: 894 - 903
Felsenfeld G (1992) Chromatin as an essential part of the transcriptional mechanism. Nature 355: 219 - 224
Forde BG, Freeman J, Oliver JE, Pineda M (1990) Nuclear factors interact with conserved A/T-rich elements upstream of a nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase gene from French bean. Plant Cell 2: 925 - 939
Fox PC, Vasil V, Vasil IK, Gurley WB (1992) Multiple ocs-like elements required for efficient transcription of the mannopine synthase gene of T-DNA in maize protoplasts. Plant Mol Biol 20: 219 - 233
Gasser SM, Laemmli UK (1986) Cohabitation of scaffold binding regions with upstream/enhancer elements of three developmentally regulated genes of D. melanogaster. Cell 46: 521 - 530
Greenblatt J (1991) Roles of TFIID in transcriptional initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell 66: 1067 - 1070
Guiltinan MJ, Thomas JC, Nessler CL, Thomas TL (1989) Expression of DNA binding proteins in carrot somatic embryos that specifically interact with a cis regulatory element of the French bean phaseolin gene. Plant Mol Biol 13: 605 - 610
Holdsworth MJ, Laties GC (1989) Site-specific binding of a nuclear factor to the carrot extensin gene is influenced by both ethylene and wounding. Planta 179: 17 - 23
Jacobsen K, Laursen NB, Jensen EO, Marcker A, Poulsen C, Marcker KA (1990) HMG I-like proteins from leaf and nodule nuclei interact with different AT motifs in soybean nodulin promoters. Plant Cell 2: 85 - 95
Jensen EO, Marcker KA, Schell J, de Bruijn FJ (1988) Interaction of a nodule specific, trans-acting factor with distinct DNA elements in the soybean leghaemoglobin lbc 3 5' upstream region. EMBO J 7: 1265 - 1271
Jofuku KD, Okamuro JK, Goldberg RB (1987) Interaction of an embryo DNA binding protein with a soybean lectin gene upstream region. Nature 328: 734 - 737
Jordano J, Almoguera C, Thomas TL (1989) A sunflower helianthinin gene upstream sequence ensemble contains an enhancer and sites of nuclear protein interaction. Plant Cell 1: 855 - 866
Jorgensen J-E, Stougaard J, Marcker A, Marcker KA (1988) Root nodule specific gene regulation: analysis of the soybean nodulin N23 gene promoter in heterologous symbiotic systems. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 39 - 50
Jorgensen JE, Stougaard J, Marcker KA (1991) A two-component nodule-specific enhancer in the soybean N23 gene promoter. Plant Cell 3: 819 - 827
Kunkel GR, Martinson HG (1981) Nucleosomes will not form on double-stranded RNA or over poly (dA).poly (dT) traits in recombinant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 9: 6869 - 6888
Lam E, Kano-Murakami Y, Gilmartin P, Niner B, Chua N-H (1990) A metal-dependent DNA-binding protein interacts with a constitutive element of a light-responsive promoter. Plant Cell 2: 857 - 866
Laux T, Goldberg RB (1991) A plant DNA binding protein shares highly conserved sequence motifs with HMG-box proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 4769
Lessard PA, Allen RD, Bernier F, Crispino JD, Fujiwara T, Beachy RN (1991) Multiple nuclear factors interact with upstream sequences of differentially regulated 13-conglycinin genes. Plant Mol Biol 16: 397 - 413
Liu XJ, Prat S, Willmitzer L, Frommer WB (1990) Cis regulatory elements directing tuber-specific and sucrose-inducible expression of a chimeric class I patatin promoter/GUS-gene fusion. Mol Gen Genet 223: 401 - 406
Metz BA, Welters P, Hoffman HJ, Jensen EIS, Schell J, de Bruijn J (1988) Primary structure and promoter analysis of leghemoglobin genes of the stem-nodulated tropical legume Sesbania rostrata: conserved coding sequences, cis-elements and trans-acting factors. Mol Gen Genet 214: 181 - 191
Pedersen TJ, Arwood LJ, Spiker S, Guiltinan MJ, Thompson F (1991) High mobility group chromosomal proteins bind to AT-rich tracts flanking plant genes. Plant Mol Biol 16: 95 - 104
Prunell A (1982) Nucleosome reconstitution on plasmid-inserted poly(dA).poly(dT). EMBO J 1: 173 - 179
Richter HE, Sandal NN, Marcker KA, Sengupta-Gopalan C (1991) Characterization and genomic organization of a highly expressed late nodulin gene subfamily in soybeans. Mol Gen Genet 229: 445 - 452
Riggs CD, Voelker TA, Chrispeels MJ (1989) Cotyledon nuclear proteins bind to DNA fragments harboring regulatory elements of phytohemagglutinin genes. Plant Cell 1: 609 - 621
Sandal NN, Bojsen K, Marcker KA (1987) A family of nodule specific genes from soybean. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 1507 - 1519
Schindler U, Cashmore AR (1990) Photoregulated gene expression may involve ubiquitous DNA binding proteins. EMBO J 9: 3415 - 3427
Shafer W, Weising K, Kahl G (1984) T-DNA of a crown gall tumor is organized into nucleosomes. EMBO J 3: 373 - 376
Shen W-J, Williamson MS, Forde BG (1992) Functional analysis of the promoter region of a nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase gene from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Mol Biol 19: 837 - 846
Solomon MJ, Strauss F, Varshaysky A (1986) A mammalian high mobility group protein recognizes any stretch of six A.T base pairs in duplex DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1276 - 1280
Spiker S (1988) Histone variants and high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins of higher plants: their potential for forming a chromatin structure that is either poised for transcription or transcriptionally inert. Physiol Plant 75: 200 - 213
Stougaard J, Sandal NN, Gron A, Kühle A, Marcker KA (1987) 5’ analysis of the soybean leghaemoglobin lbc 3 gene: regulatory elements required for promoter activity and organ specificity. EMBO J 6: 3565 - 3569
Stougaard J, Jorgensen JE, Christensen T, Kühle A, Marcker KA (1990) Interdependence and nodule specificity of cis-acting regulatory elements in the soybean leghaemoglobin lbc 3 and N23 gene promoters. Mol Gen Genet 220: 353 - 360
Strauss F, Varshaysky A (1984) A protein binds to a satellite DNA repeat at three specific sites that would be brought into mutual proximity by DNA folding in the nucleosome. Cell 37: 889 - 890
Struhl K (1985) Naturally occurring poly(dA-dT) sequences are upstream promoter elements for constitutive transcription in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8419 - 8423
Szabados L, Ratet P, Grunenberg B, de Bruijn FJ (1990) Functional analysis of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin glb3 gene 5'-upstream region in transgenic Lotus corniculatus and Nicotiana tabacum plants. Plant Cell 2: 973 - 986
Thanos D, Maniatis T (1992) The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) is required for NF-KB-dependent virus induction of the human IFN-ß gene. Cell 71: 777 - 789
Umek RM, Eddy MJ, Kowalski D (1988) DNA sequences required for unwinding prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication origins. Cancer Cells 6: 473 - 478
Verma DPS, Hu C-A, Zhang M (1992) Root nodule development: origin, function and regulation of nodulin genes. Physiol Plant 85: 253 - 265
Weising K, Bohn H, Kahl G (1990) Chromatin structure of transferred genes in transgenic plants. Dev Genet 11: 233 - 247
Werr W, Springer B, Schürmann, Bellmann R (1988) Multiple interactions between nuclear proteins of Zea mays and the promoter of the Shrunken gene. Mol Gen Genet 212: 342 - 350
Yang-Yen HF, Rothblum LI (1988) Purification and characterization of a highmobility-group-like DNA binding protein that stimulates mRNA synthesis in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 8: 3406 - 3414
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Forde, B.G. (1994). AT-Rich Elements (ATREs) in the Promoter Regions of Nodulin and Other Higher Plant Genes: a Novel Class of Cis-Acting Regulatory Element?. In: Nover, L. (eds) Plant Promoters and Transcription Factors. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48037-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48037-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-22304-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48037-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive