Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arthropod Vectors and Their Growing Importance in Europe

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Progress in Parasitology

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 2))

Abstract

After the eradication of malaria in the middle of the past century, Europe felt relatively safe from vector-borne diseases due to the availability of effective insecticides and progress in medical diagnostics and treatment. In fact, except for Lyme disease, no vector-borne disease of cross-national distribution and far-reaching epidemiological relevance has been registered in Europe for decades. Nevertheless, not only have microorganisms with pathogenic potential increasingly been found to circulate among haematophagous arthropod populations but indigenous arthropods have also been demonstrated to possess vector competence for one pathogen or the other. Also, single cases and even localized outbreaks of mosquito-borne and further tick-borne diseases have occurred. But only in the last 10–20 years or so, probably as a consequence of ecological and climatic changes as well as of continuing globalization, some alarming vector- and vector-borne disease-related developments have taken place in Europe: the establishment and spread of invasive arthropod-vectors of disease, the importation of vector-associated pathogens, and outbreaks of emerging vector-borne diseases. The most striking examples of these incidents are the bluetongue disease epidemic in central Europe which started in 2006, and the chikungunya fever outbreak in Italy in 2007. In the first case, indigenous biting midges that had previously not been known to be vector-competent served as bluetongue virus vectors, while in the second case a human traveller carrying chikungunya virus infected vector-competent Aedes albopictus mosquitoes that had established in Italy some years before and had been spreading since then. In this contribution, major trends of the recent past concerning arthropod-vectors and the disease agents they transmit in Europe are reviewed. Because of their growing scientific importance and increasing public attention, the focus will be on mosquito, tick, sandfly and biting midge vectors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdel-Wahab KSE, El Baz LM, El Tayeb EM, Omar H, Ossman MA, Yasin W (1978) Rift Valley fever virus infections in Egypt: pathological and virological findings in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72:392–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adege-EID Méditerranée (2003) Surveillance committee of Aedes albopictus – Meeting report at DGS, Paris, 17 Dec. 2003, Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication du littoral (EID) Méditerranée, Montpellier (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adege-EID Méditerranée (2006) Éléments entomologiques relatifs au risque d’apparition du virus Chikungunya en métropole. Entomological facts related to the risk of appearance of chikungunya virus in Metropolitan France. Study report, Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication du littoral (EID) Méditerranée, Montpellier (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adhami J, Reiter P (1998) Introduction and establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14:340–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad K (2000) More deaths from Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Lancet 356:1422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida AP, Gonçalves YM, Novo MT, Sousa CA, Melim M, Grácio AJ (2007) Vector monitoring of Aedes aegypti in the autonomous region of Madeira, Portugal. Euro Surveill 12:3311

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelini P, Macini P, Finarelli AC, Pol C, Venturelli C, Bellini R, Dottori M (2008) Chikungunya epidemic outbreak in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) during summer 2007. Parassitologia 50:97–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelini P, Tamba M, Finarelli AC, Bellini R, Albieri A, Bonilauri P, Cavrini F, Dottori M, Gaibani P, Martini E, Mattivi A, Pierro AM, Rugna G, Sambri V, Squintani G, Macini P (2010) West Nile virus circulation in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: the integrated surveillance system 2009. Euro Surveill 15:19547

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar M, Qureshi AAA (1972) Control and eradication of African horse sickness in Pakistan. In: Lawrence MM (ed) Control and eradication of viral diseases in the CENTO region. Central Treaty Organization Seminar, Central Treaty Organization, Ankara:110–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Aranda C, Eritja R, Roiz D (2006) First record and establishment of the mosquito Aedes albopictus in Spain. Med Vet Entomol 20:150–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT (2002) West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1372–1378

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken JS, Dumler JS (2000) Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clin Infect Dis 31:554–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakonyi T, Erdélyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Csörgö T, Lussy H, Chvala S, Bukovsky C, Meister T, Weissenböck H, Nowotny N (2007) Emergence of Usutu virus in Hungary. J Clin Microbiol 45:3870–3874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldari M, Tamburro A, Sabatinelli G, Romi R, Severini C, Cuccagna G, Fiorilli G, Allegri MP, Buriani C, Toti M (1998) Malaria in Maremma, Italy. Lancet 351:1246–1247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranton G, De Martino SJ (2009) Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato diversity and its influence on pathogenicity in humans. Curr Probl Dermatol 37:1–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barzon L, Squarzon L, Cattai M, Franchin E, Pagni S, Cusinato R, Palu G (2009) West Nile virus infection in Veneto region, Italy, 2008–2009. Euro Surveill 14:19289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan C, Schönian G, Bañuls AL, Hide M, Pratlong F, Lorenz E, Röllinghoff M, Mertens R (2001) Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never entered a known endemic area: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32:302–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefoy X, Kampen H, Sweeney K (2008) Public health significance of urban pests. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, p 582

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdoiseau G (2006) Canine babesiosis in France. Vet Parasitol 138:118–125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandonisio O, Carelli G, Ceci C, Consenti B, Fasanella A, Puccini V (1992) Canine leishmaniasis in the Gargano promontori (Apulia, South Italy). Eur J Epidemiol 8:273–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkley J, Nolskog P, Golovjova I, Lundkvist Å, Bergström T (2008) Tick-borne encephalitis virus natural foci emerge in western Sweden. Int J Med Microbiol 298(Suppl 1):73–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui P, Parola P, Fournier PE, Raoult D (2007) Spotted fever rickettsioses in southern and eastern Europe. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 49:2–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Chwatt LJ, de Zulueta J (1980) The rise and fall of malaria in Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 239

    Google Scholar 

  • Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vapalahti O, Kuusisto P, Saikku P, Manni T, Koskela P, Nygren T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Vaheri A (2002) Epidemiology of Sindbis virus infections in Finland 1981–96: possible factors explaining a peculiar disease pattern. Epidemiol Infect 129:335–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley A, Dawson A, Moss SR, Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Gould EA (2006) Serological evidence of West Nile virus, Usutu virus and Sindbis virus infection of birds in the UK. J Gen Virol 84:2807–2817

    Google Scholar 

  • Busquets N, Alba A, Allepuz A, Aranda C, Ignacio Nuñez J (2008) Usutu virus sequences in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 14:861–863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callot J (1950) Présence de Phlebotomus laroussei en Alsace. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 25:112

    Google Scholar 

  • Cancrini G, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Ricci I, Tessarin C, Gabrielli S, Pietrobelli M (2003) Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet Parasitol 118:195–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardamatis J (1929) La dengue en Grèce. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 22:272–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter S, McArthur C, Selby R, Ward R, Nolan DV, Mordue Luntz AJ, Dallas JF, Tripet F, Mellor PS (2008) Experimental infection studies of UK Culicoides species midges with bluetongue serotypes 8 and 9. Vet Rec 163:589–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casapulla R, Baldi L, Avallone V, Sannino R, Pazzanese L, Mizzoni V (1998) Canine piroplasmosis due to Babesia gibsoni: clinical and morphological aspects. Vet Rec 142:168–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli F, Caligaris S, Matteelli A, Chiodera A, Carosi G, Fausti G (1993) ‘Baggage malaria’ in Italy: cryptic malaria explained? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87:394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavrini F, Gaibani P, Longo G, Pierro AM, Rossini G, Bonilauri P, Gerundi GE, Di Benedetto F, Pasetto A, Girardis M, Dottori M, Landini MP, Sambri V (2009) Usutu virus infection in a patient who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation, Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19448

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cêtre-Sossah C (2010) Strengthening cooperation on vectorborne diseases in Europe. Vet Rec 166:386–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM, Clegg JC, Deubel V, Frolova TV, Gould EA, Gritsun TS, Heinz FX, Labuda M, Lashkevich VA, Loktev V, Lundkvist A, Lvov DV, Mandl CW, Niedrig M, Papa A, Petrov VS, Plyusnin A, Randolph S, Süss J, Zlobin VI, de Lamballerie X (2004) Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:1040–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier V, Pépin M, Plée L, Lancelot R (2010) Rift Valley fever – a threat for Europe? Euro Surveill 15:19506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christova I, Schouls L, van de Pol I, Panayotov S, Lefterova V, Kantardijev T, Dumler JS (2001) High prevalence of human granulocytic ehrlichiae and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Bulgaria. J Clin Microbiol 39:4172–4174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciaramella P, Oliva G, DeLuna R, Gradoni L, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, Scalone A, Persechino A (1997) A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 141:539–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadros J, Calvente MJ, Benito A, Arévalo J, Calero MA, Segura J, Rubio JM (2002) Plasmodium ovale malaria acquired in central Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1506–1508

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuisance D, Rioux AJ (2004) Current status of medical and veterinary entomology in France: endangered discipline or promising science? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27:377–392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danielová V, Kliegrová S, Daniel M, Beneš C (2008) Influence of climate warming on tickborne encephalitis expansion to higher altitudes over the last decade (1997–2006) in the Highland Region (Czech Republic). Cent Eur J Public Health 16:4–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dautel H, Dippel C, Oehme R, Hartelt K, Schettler E (2006) Evidence for an increased geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Germany and detection of Rickettsia sp. RpA4. Int J Med Microbiol 296:149–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dautel H, Dippel C, Kämmer A, Werkhausen A, Kahl O (2008) Winter activity of Ixodes ricinus in a Berlin forest. Int J Med Microbiol 298(Suppl 1):50–54

    Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq K, Mertens P, De Leeuw I, Oura C, Houdart P, Potgieter AC, Maan S, Hooyberghs J, Batten C, Vandenmeulebroucke E, Wright IM, Maan N, Riocreux F, Sanders A, Vanderstede Y, Nomikou K, Raemakers M, Bin-Tarif A, Shaw A, Henstock M, Bréard E, Dubois E, Gastaldi-Thiéry C, Zientara S, Verheyden B, Vandenbussche F (2009) Emergence of bluetongue serotypes in Europe, Part 2: the occurrence of a BTV-11 strain in Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 56:355–361

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depaquit J, Naucke TJ, Schmitt C, Ferté H, Léger N (2005) A molecular analysis of the subgenus Transphlebotomus Artemiev, 1984 (Phlebotomus, Diptera, Psychodidae) inferred from ND4 mtDNA with new northern records of Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908. Parasitol Res 95:113–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry PE, Peyrefitte C (2010) Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by phlebotome sandflies in Europe: a review. Euro Surveill 15:19507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz Montilla R, Panos Marti P (1968) La peste equina. Bull Off Int Épizoot 70:647–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra E, Van der Ven IJ, Meiswinkel R, Hölzel DR, Van Rijn PA, Meiswinkel R (2008) Culicoides chiopterus as a potential vector of bluetongue virus in Europe. Vet Rec 162:422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobler G, Wölfel R (2009) Typhus and other rickettsioses. Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:348–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J (1999) Tick-borne encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 28:882–890

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EAA: European Environmental Agency (2003) Europe’s environment – The third assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003, p 343. http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_assessment_report_2003_10/en. accessed 26 May 2010

  • Emelyanova IN (2005) Seasonal changes and host adaptability of ticks of the species Hyalomma marginatum in the Stavropol territory. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 4:115–118, in Russian

    Google Scholar 

  • Enigk K (1958) Zum Vorkommen der Zecke Dermacentor pictus in Deutschland. Z Parasitenkd 18:419–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enserink M (2006) Bluetongue outbreak has African roots. ScienceNOW, August 29, 2006. http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2006/08/29-01.html. accessed 20 May 2010

  • Ergönül Ö (2006) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis 6:203–214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eritja R, Escosa R, Kucientes J, Marquès E, Molina R, Roiz D, Ruiz S (2005) Worldwide invasion of vector mosquitoes: present European distribution and challenges for Spain. Biol Invasions 7:87–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschbaumer M, Hoffmann B, Moss A, Savini G, Leone A, König P, Zemke J, Conraths F, Beer M (2009) Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 6 in Europe – German field data and experimental infection of cattle. Vet Microbiol 143:189–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EU-BTNET (2009) Bluetongue epidemiological situation in EU Member States and third countries, period 1st May 2008 – 28th April 2009. http://eubtnet.izs.it/btnet/reports/historical/EpidemReport_2009_1May_28April.pdf. accessed 26 May 2010

  • EU-BTNET (2010) Bluetongue epidemiological situation in EU Member States and third countries, period 1st May 2009 – 26th May 2010. http://eubtnet.izs.it/btnet/reports/historical/EpidemReport_2010_1May_26May.pdf. accessed 26 May 2010

  • Feki I, Marrakchi C, Ben Hmida M, Belahsen F, Ben Jemaa M, Maaloul I, Kanoun F, Ben Hamed S, Mhiri C (2005) Epidemic West Nile virus encephalitis in Tunisia. Neuroepidemiology 24:1–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flacio E, Lüthy P, Patocchi N, Guidotti F, Tonolla M, Peduzzi R (2004) Primo ritrovamento di Aedes albopictus in Svizzera. Boll Soc Ticin Sci Nat 92:141–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomsgaard A, Christiansen CB, Bødker R (2009) First identification of tick-borne encephalitis outside of Bornholm, August 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox MT, Sykes TJ (1985) Establishment of the tropical dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in a house in London. Vet Rec 116:661–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatt P, Deeming JC, Schaffner F (2009) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malta. Eur Mosq Bull 27:56–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cascone C, Mortarino M, Cringoli G (2005) Is heartworm disease really spreading in Europe? Vet Parasitol 133:137–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G (2009) Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol 163:286–292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes GH (2004) Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech Int Off Épiz 23:613–623

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gern L (2005) Die Biologie der Zecke Ixodes ricinus. Ther Umsch 62:707–712, in German

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorenflot A, Moubri K, Precigout E, Carcy B, Schetters TP (1998) Human babesiosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92:489–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gothe R (1968) Zum Vorkommen von Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806) in Deutschland. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 19:305–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gramiccia M, Gradoni L (2005) The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control. Int J Parasitol 35:1169–1180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz NG (2004) Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol 18:215–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green MS, Weinberger M, Ben-Ezer J, Bin H, Mendelson E, Gandacu D, Kaufman Z, Dichtiar R, Sobel A, Cohen D, Chowers MY (2005) Long-term death rates, West Nile virus epidemic, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1754–1757

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA (2003) Tick-borne encephalitis. Antivir Res 57:129–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gubler DJ (2007) The continuing spread of West Nile virus in the western hemisphere. Clin Infect Dis 45:1039–1046

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund M, Günther G (2003) Tick-borne encephalitis – pathogenesis, clinical course and long-term follow-up. Vaccine 21:S11–S18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halos L, Jamal T, Maillard R, Beugnet F, Le Menach A, Boulouis HJ, Vayssier-Taussat M (2005) Evidence of Bartonella sp. in questing adult and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks from France and co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Babesia sp. Vet Res 36:79–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartelt K, Rieker T, Oehme RM, Brockmann SO, Müller W, Dorn N (2007) First evidence of Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) in dogs in western Europe. Vector borne Zoonotic Dis 7:163–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartelt K, Pluta S, Oehme R, Kimmig P (2008) Spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Germany due to global warming. Parasitol Res 103(Suppl 1):S109–S116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häselbarth K, Tenter AM, Brade V, Krieger G, Hunfeld KP (2007) First case of human babesiosis in Germany – clinical presentation and molecular characterization of the pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 297:197–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heile C, Heydorn AO, Schein E (2006) Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricus, 1794) distribution, biology and vector for Babesia canis in Germany. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 119:330–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermosilla C, Pantchev N, Dyachenko V, Gutmann M, Bauer C (2006) First autochthonous case of canine ocular Dirofilaria repens infection in Germany. Vet Rec 158:134–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herwaldt BL, Cacciò S, Gherlinzoni F, Aspöck H, Slemenda SB, Piccaluga P, Martinelli G, Edelhofer R, Hollenstein U, Poletti G, Pampiglione S, Löschenberger K, Tura S, Pieniazek NJ (2003) Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 9:942–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP, Baier M, Krumbholz A, Sachse S, Lorenzen T, Kiehntopf M, Fricke HJ, Straube E (2007) First confirmed autochthonous case of human Babesia microti infection in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26:595–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann B, Mehlhorn H, Beer M, Clausen PH, Schaub GA, Kiel E, Werner D, Liebisch G, Liebisch A, Geier M, Bauer C, Bauer B, Gethmann JM, Bätza HJ, Conraths FJ (2009) Large scale monitoring of putative vectors of BTV-8 in Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1481–1484

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzmann H, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Werner P, Mischak A, Zainer B, Netzer M, Koppi S, Bechter E, Heinz FX (2009) Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1671–1673

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford SR 3rd, Krause PJ, Persing DH (2000) Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:451–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstraal H (1978) The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol 15:307–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstraal H, Kaiser MN, Traylor MA, Gaber S, Guindy E (1961) Ticks (Ixodoidea) on birds migrating from Africa to Europe and Asia. Bull WHO 24:197–212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z (2008) Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol Res 103(Suppl 1):S29–S43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z, Halouzka J (1997) Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomic groups in Europe, a review. Eur J Epidemiol 13:951–957

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z, Halouzka J (1998) Prevalence rates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasitol Res 84:167–172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunfeld KP, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS (2008) Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease. Int J Parasitol 38:1219–1237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaäcson M (1989) Airport malaria: a review. Bull WHO 67:737–743

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iunicheva IV, Riabova TE, Markovich NI, Bezzhonova OV, Ganushkina LA, Semenov VB, Tarkhov GA, Vasilenko LE, Guzeeva TM, Shevereva TV, Sergiev VP (2008) First evidence for breeding Aedes aegypti L in the area of Greater Sochi and in some towns of Abkhasia. Med Parazitol 3:40–43, in Russian

    Google Scholar 

  • Jääskeläinen AE, Tikkakoski T, Uzcátegui NY, Alekseev AN, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O (2006) Siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1568–1571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:990–993

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöst H, Bialonski A, Storch V, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2010) Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Sindbis viruses from mosquitoes in Germany. J Clin Microbiol 48:1900–1903

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen H, Maier WA (2008) Wird die Malaria wieder eine Gefahr für Europa? In: Lozán JL, Graßl H, Jendritzky G, Karbe L, Reise K (eds) Warnsignal Klima: Gesundheitsrisiken – Gefahren für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen. GEO/Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, pp 173–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen H, Werner D (2010) Three years of bluetongue disease in central Europe with special reference to Germany: what lessons can be learned? Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(Suppl 3):31–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen H, Maltezos E, Pagonaki M, Hunfeld KP, Maier WA, Seitz HM (2002) Individual cases of autochthonous malaria in Evros Province, northern Greece: serological aspects. Parasitol Res 88:261–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen H, Rötzel DC, Kurtenbach K, Maier WA, Seitz HM (2004) Substantial rise in the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in a region of western Germany over a 10-year period. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1576–1582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen H, Poltz W, Hartelt K, Wölfel R, Faulde M (2007) Detection of a questing Hyalomma marginatum marginatum adult female (Acari, Ixodidae) in southern Germany. Exp Appl Acarol 43:227–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karch S, Dellile MF, Guillet P, Mouchet J (2001) African malaria vectors in European aircraft. Lancet 357:235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klobučar A, Merdić E, Benić N, Baklaić Z, Krčmar S (2006) First record of Aedes albopictus in Croatia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22:147–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen AB, Romi R, Majori G (1996) Occurrence and spread in Italy of Aedes albopictus, with implications for its introduction into other parts of Europe. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12:177–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler K, Stechele M, Hetzel U, Domingo M, Schönian G, Zahner H, Burkhardt E (2002) Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 109:9–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korenberg EI, Kolvalevskii YV, Karavanov AS, Moskvitina GG (1999) Mixed infection by tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia in ticks. Med Vet Entomol 13:204–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koslowsky S, Staubach C, Kramer M, Wieler LH (2004) Risk assessment of bluetongue disease incursion into Germany using geographic information systems (GIS). Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 117:214–225, in German

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD (2008) A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entomol 53:61–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger A, Rech A, Su X-Z, Tannich E (2001) Two cases of autochthonous Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Germany with evidence for local transmission by indigenous Anopheles plumbeus. Trop Med Int Health 6:983–985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn KG (1999) Global warming and leishmaniasis in Italy. Bull Trop Med Int Health 7:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Guenno B, Bougermouh A, Azzam T, Bouakaz R (1996) West Nile: a deadly virus? Lancet 348:1315

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren E, Tälleklint L, Polfeldt T (2000) Impact of climate change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ Health Perspect 108:119–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linke S, Niedrig M, Kaiser A, Ellerbrok H, Müller K, Müller T, Conraths FJ, Mühle R-U, Schmidt D, Köppen U, Bairlein F, Berthold P, Pauli G (2007) Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infections in wild birds captured in Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:358–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL (1985) Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 95:197–209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liz JS (2002) Ehrlichiosis in I. ricinus and wild mammals. Int J Med Microbiol 291(Suppl 33):104–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lubroth J (1988) African horse sickness and the epizootic in Spain 1987. Equine Pract 10:26–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundström JO (1999) Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: a review. J Vector Ecol 24:1–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maan S, Maan NS, Ross-Smith N, Batten CA, Shaw AE, Anthony SJ, Samuel AR, Darpel KE, Veronesi E, Oura CA, Singh KP, Nomikou K, Potgieter AC, Attoui H, van Rooij E, van Rijn P, De Clercq K, Vandenbussche F, Zientara S, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Beer M, Hoffman B, Mellor PS, Mertens PP (2008) Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains. Virology 377:308–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC, Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba M, Dottori M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli Piccolomini L, Po C (2008) Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008. Euro Surveill 13:18990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier WA, Grunewald J, Habedank B, Hartelt K, Kampen H, Kimmig P, Naucke T, Oehme R, Vollmer A, Schöler A, Schmitt C (2003) Possible effects of climatic changes on the distribution of arthropod(vector)-borne infectious diseases and human parasites in Germany. Climate change 05/03, scientific report UBA-FB 000454 on behalf of the Federal Environmental Agency of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, p 341 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltezou HC, Andonova L, Andraghetti R, Bouloy M, Ergonul O, Jongejan F, Kalvatchev N, Nichol S, Niedrig M, Platonov A, Thomson G, Leitmeyer K, Zeller H (2010) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill 15:19504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maroli M, Khoury C (1998) Leishmaniasis vectors in Italy. G Ital Med Trop 3:67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin V, Chevalier V, Ceccato P, Anyamba A, de Simone L, Lubroth J, de la Rocque S, Domenech J (2008) The impact of climate change on the epidemiology and control of Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Épiz 27:413–426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Materna J, Daniel M, Metelka L, Harčarik J (2008) The vertical distribution, density and development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas influenced by climate changes (The Krkonoše Mts., Czech Republic). Int J Med Microbiol 298(Suppl 1):25–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Matjila TP, Nijhof AM, Taoufik A, Houwers D, Teske E, Penzhorn BL, de Lange T, Jongejan F (2005) Autochthonous canine babesiosis in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 131:23–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medlock JM, Snow KR, Leach S (2007) Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain. Epidemiol Infect 135:466–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Meer-Scherrer L, Adelson M, Mordechai E, Lottaz B, Tilton R (2004) Babesia microti infection in Europe. Curr Microbiol 48:435–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiswinkel R, van Rijn P, Leijs P, Goffredo M (2007) Potential new Culicoides vector of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Vet Rec 161:564–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor PS, Hamblin C (2004) African horse sickness. Vet Res 35:445–466

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor PS, Boorman JPT, Wilkinson PJ, Martinez-Gomez F (1983) Potential vectors of bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in Spain. Vet Rec 112:229–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Menn B, Lorentz S, Naucke TJ (2010) Imported and travelling dogs as carriers of canine vector-borne pathogens in Germany. Parasitol Vectors 8:34

    Google Scholar 

  • Mettler M, Grimm F, Naucke TJ, Maasjost C, Deplazes P (2005) Canine leishmaniosis in central Europe: reotrospective survey and serological study of imported and travelling dogs. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 118:37–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mintiens K, Méroc E, Mellor PS, Staubach C, Gerbier G, Elbers ARW, Hendrickx G, De Clercq K (2008) Possible routes of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 into the epicentre of the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe. Prev Vet Med 87:131–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CJ (1995) The role of Aedes albopictus as an arbovirus vector. Parassitologia 37:109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moutailler S, Krida G, Schaffner F, Vazeille M, Failloux AB (2008) Potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus in the Mediterranean region. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8:749–753

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murgue B, Murri S, Zientara S, Durand B, Durand JP, Zeller H (2001) West Nile outbreak in southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 7:692–696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muro A, Genchi C, Cordero M, Simón F (1999) Human dirofilariasis in the European Union. Parasitol Today 15:386–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naucke TJ, Pesson B (2000) Presence of Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Germany. Parasitol Res 86:335–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naucke TJ, Schmitt C (2004) Is leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Germany? Int J Med Microbiol 293(Suppl 37):179–181

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naucke TJ, Menn B, Massberg D, Lorentz S (2008) Sandflies and leishmaniasis in Germany. Parasitol Res 103(Suppl 1):S65–S68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijhof AM, Bodaan C, Postigo M, Nieuwenhuijs H, Opsteegh M, Franssen L, Jebbink F, Jongejans F (2007) Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7:585–596

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolaeva N (1996) Resurgence of malaria in the former Soviet Union (FSU). SOVE Newsl 27:10–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Olano JP, Walker DH (2002) Human ehrlichioses. Med Clin N Am 86:375–392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overgaauw P, Van Dijk E (2009) Autochthonal case of Dirofilaria repens in a dog in the Netherlands. Vet Rec 164:158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pampiglione S, Rivasi F (2000) Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologia 42:231–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pampiglione S, Canestri Trotti G, Rivasi F (1995) Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: a review of world literature. Parassitologia 37:149–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panthier R (1968) Epidemiology of the West Nile virus: study of an outbreak in Camargue I Introduction. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 114:518–520, in French

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos B, Humair PF, Aeschlimann A, Vaucher C, Büttiker W (2002) Ticks on birds in Switzerland. Acarologia 42:3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauli G (2004) West-Nil-Virus. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 47:653–660

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecorari M, Longo G, Gennari W, Grottola A, Sabbatini A, Tagliazucchi S, Savini G, Monaco F, Simone M, Lelli R, Rumpianesi F (2009) First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 17:19446

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrić D, Pajović I, Ignjatović-Cupina A, Zgomba M (2001) Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) a new mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in the entomofauna of Yugoslavia. Symposia of the Entomological Society of Serbia, Goč, 26–29 September 2001. Abstracts:29 (in Serbian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovec M, Lotrič-Furlan S, Avšic-Županc T, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, Dumler JS (1997) Human disesae in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. J Clin Microbiol 35:1556–1559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, Yazyshina S, Platonova OV, Obukhov IL, Zhukov AN, Vengerov YY, Pokrovskii VI (2001) Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7:128–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pluskota B, Storch V, Braunbeck T, Beck M, Becker N (2008) First record of Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Eur Mosq Bull 26:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogodina V, Frolova MP, Erman BA (1986) In: Bocharov EF (ed) Chronic tick-borne encephalitis: etiology, immunology, and pathogenesis. Nauka, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponçon N, Balenghien T, Toty C, Ferré JP, Thomas C, Dervieux A, L’Ambert G, Schaffner F, Bardin O, Fontenille D (2007) Effects of local anthropogenic changes on potential malaria vector Anopheles hyrcanus and West Nile virus vector Culex modestus, Camargue, France. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1810–1815

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PPC, Baylis M (2005) Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:171–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph SE (2001) The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356:1045–1056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph SE (2008) Dynamics of tick-borne disease systems: minor role of recent climate change. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Épiz 27:367–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph S, Ergönül Ö (2008) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: exceptional epidemic of viral hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Future Virol 3:303–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Ready P (2010) Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe. Euro Surveill 15:19505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter P (1998) Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988–1995: the shape of things to come. J Am Mosq Contr Assoc 14:83–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter P (2010) West Nile virus in Europe: understanding the present to gauge the future. Euro Surveill 15:19508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezza G, Nicoletti L, Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M, Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, Cassone A (2007) Infection with Chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet 370:1840–1847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo C, Vescio F, Declich S, Finarelli AC, Macini P, Mattivi A, Rossini G, Piovesan C, Barzon L, Palù G, Gobbi F, Macchi L, Pavan A, Magurano F, Ciufolini MG, Nicoletti L, Salmaso S, Rezza G (2009) West Nile virus transmission with human cases in Italy, August-September 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romi R, Majori G (2008) An overview of the lesson learned in almost 20 years of fight against the “tiger” mosquito. Parassitologia 50:117–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romi R, Sabatinelli G, Savelli LG, Raris M, Zago M, Malatesta R (1997) Identification of a North American mosquito species, Ochlerotatus atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 13:245–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen L (1986) Dengue in Greece in 1927 and 1928 and the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever: new data and a different conclusion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35:642–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini A, Raineri V, Trovato G, Coluzzi M (1990) Aedes albopictus in Italia possibile diffusione della specie nell’area mediterranea. Parassitologia 32:301–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samanidou-Voyadjoglou A, Patsoula E, Spanakos G, Vakalis NC (2005) Confirmation of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Greece. Eur Mosq Bull 19:10–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartori M, La Terra G, Pozzoli G, Franzini C (1989) A case of autochthonous malaria in Italy. Scand J Infect Dis 21:357–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Karch S (2000) Première observation d’Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) en France métropolitaine. C R Acad Sci Paris Sci Vie 323:373–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Chouin S, Guilloteau J (2003) First record of Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in metropolitan France. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19:1–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Van Bortel W, Coosemans M (2004) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Belgium. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20:201–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner F, Kaufmann C, Hegglin D, Mathis A (2009) The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus in central Europe. Med Vet Entomol 23:448–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholte E-J, Jacobs F, Linton Y-M, Dijkstra E, Fransen J, Takken W (2007) First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in The Netherlands. Eur Mosq Bull 22:5–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholte EJ, Dijkstra E, Blok H, De Vries A, Takken W, Hofhuis A, Koopmans M, De Boer A, Reusken CB (2008) Accidental importation of the mosquito Aedes albopictus into the Netherlands: a survey of mosquito distribution and the presence of dengue virus. Med Vet Entomol 22:352–358

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholte EJ, Den Hartog W, Braks M, Reusken C, Dik M, Hessels A (2009) First report of a North American invasive mosquito species Ochlerotatus atropalpus (Coquillett) in the Netherlands, 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw SE, Hillman T, Wray J (2008) Unusual case of canine leishmaniosis in the UK. Vet Rec 163:283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibomana G, Geerts S, De Vries T (1986) Establishment of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) inside houses in Belgium. Ann Soc Belg Méd Trop 66:79–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simón F, López-Belmonte J, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Morchón R, Martín-Pacho JR (2005) What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis? Vet Parasitol 133:181–189

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skarpaas T, Ljøstad U, Sundøy A (2004) First human cases of tick-borne encephalitis, Norway. Emerg Infect Dis 10:2241–2243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smorodintsev A (1958) Tick-borne spring summer encephalitis. Progress Med Virol 1:210–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanoff P, Siennicka J, Kaba J, Nowicki M, Ferenczi E, Gut W (2008) Identification of new endemic tick-borne encephalitis foci in Poland – a pilot seroprevalence study in selected regions. Int J Med Microbiol 298(Suppl 1):102–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Strle F (2004) Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Int J Med Microbiol 293(Suppl 37):27–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strle F, Stanek G (2009) Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Curr Probl Dermatol 37:51–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez ML, Espino L, Goicoa A, Fidalgo LE, Santamarina G (2001) Fatal Babesia gibsoni infection in a dog from Spain. Vet Rec 148:819–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sumilo D, Asokliene L, Bormane A, Vasilenko V, Golovljova I, Randolph SE (2007) Climate change cannot explain the upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in the Baltics. PLoS ONE 2:e500

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Süss J (2005) Importance of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) increases in Europe. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 130:1397–1400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Süss J (2007) Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond – The epidemiological situation as of 2007. Euro Surveill 13:18916

    Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Schrader C (2004) Durch Zecken übertragene humanpathogene und bisher als apathogen geltende Mikroorganismen in Europa – Teil I: Zecken und Viren. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 47:392–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Fingerle V, Hunfeld KP, Schrader C, Wilske B (2004) Durch Zecken übertragene humanpathogene und bisher als apathogen geltende Mikroorganismen in Europa – Teil II: Bakterien, Parasiten und Mischinfektionen. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 47:470–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Claus C, Diller R et al (2006) TBE incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the TBE virus in Ixodes ricinus removed from humans. Int J Med Microbiol 296(Suppl 40):63–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tälleklint L, Jaenson TGT (1998) Increasing geographical distribution and density of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in central and northern Sweden. J Med Entomol 35:521–526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Rogers DJ (2006a) Global traffic and disease vector dispersal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6242–6247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatem AJ, Rogers DJ, Hay SI (2006b) Estimating the malaria risk of African mosquito movement by air travel. Malar J 5:57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thang HD, Elsas RM, Veestra J (2002) Airport malaria: report of a case and review of the literature. Neth J Med 60:441–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI (1998) West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352:767–771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, Linthicum KJ, Patrican LA, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL (2008) Vector competence of selected African mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species for Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol 45:102–108

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versteirt V, Schaffner F, Garros C, Dekoninck W, Coosemans M, Van Bortel W (2009) Introduction and establishment of the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium. J Med Entomol 46:1464–1467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorou RM (2009) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southeastern Europe. Int J Infect Dis 13:659–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenböck H, Kolodziejek J, Url A, Lussy H, Rebel-Bauder B, Nowotny N (2002) Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 8:652–656

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenböck H, Chvala-Mannsberger S, Bakonyi T, Nowotny N (2007) Emergence of Usutu virus in central Europe: diagnosis, surveillance and epizootiology. In: Takken W, Knols BGJ (eds) Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen Academic Publ, Wageningen, pp 153–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Welc-Faleciak R, Rodo A, Siński E, Bajer A (2009) Babesia canis and other tick-borne infections in dogs in central Poland. Vet Parasitol 166:191–198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittman EJ, Baylis M (2000) Climate change: effects on Culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK. Vet J 160:107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, Torunoglu MA (2009) The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002–2007. Int J Infect Dis 13:380–386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahner H, Bauer C (2004) Leishmaniose bei Hunden in Deutschland – Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter praktischen Tierärzten. Tierärztl Prax 32:190–192, in German

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoller T, Naucke TJ, May J, Hoffmeister B, Flick H, Williams CJ, Frank C, Bergmann F, Suttorp N, Mockenhaupt FP (2009) Malaria transmission in non-endemic areas: case report, review of the literature and implications for public health management. Malar J 8:71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, Greifswald Insel Riems, 17493, Germany

    Helge Kampen

  2. Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, 15374, Germany

    Doreen Werner

Authors
  1. Helge Kampen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Doreen Werner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helge Kampen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology,, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kampen, H., Werner, D. (2011). Arthropod Vectors and Their Growing Importance in Europe. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Progress in Parasitology. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21396-0_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation