Abstract
A limbic brain area, the amygdala plays a key role in emotional responses and affective states and disorders such as learned fear, anxiety, and depression. The amygdala has also emerged as an important brain center for the emotional–affective dimension of pain and for pain modulation. Hyperactivity in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC, also termed the “nociceptive amygdala”) accounts for pain-related emotional responses and anxiety-like behavior. Abnormally enhanced output from the CeLC is the consequence of an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Impaired inhibitory control mediated by a cluster of GABAergic interneurons in the intercalated cell masses (ITC) allows the development of glutamate- and neuropeptide-driven synaptic plasticity of excitatory inputs from the brainstem (parabrachial area) and from the lateral–basolateral amygdala network (LA-BLA, site of integration of polymodal sensory information). BLA hyperactivity also generates abnormally enhanced feedforward inhibition of principal cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a limbic cortical area that is strongly interconnected with the amygdala. Pain-related mPFC deactivation results in cognitive deficits and failure to engage cortically driven ITC-mediated inhibitory control of amygdala processing. Impaired cortical control allows the uncontrolled persistence of amygdala pain mechanisms.
Keywords
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- BLA:
-
Basolateral amygdala
- CB1:
-
Cannabinoid receptor 1
- CeA:
-
Central nucleus of the amygdala
- CeLC:
-
Laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala
- ITC:
-
Intercalated cell mass
- LA:
-
Lateral amygdala
- mGluR:
-
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
- mPFC:
-
Medial prefrontal cortex
- NPS:
-
Neuropeptide S
- PB:
-
Parabrachial area
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Work in the author’s lab is supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grants NS-081121, NS-38261, and NS-11255.
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Neugebauer, V. (2015). Amygdala Pain Mechanisms. In: Schaible, HG. (eds) Pain Control. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 227. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_13
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