Abstract
Contrasting hypotheses that psychological androgyny (Bem, 1974, 1975) would be associated with (1) identity confusion and a lack of personal integration or (2) identity achievement and high levels of integration were tested. Sex-role orientation, ego-identity status, and self-esteem were determined for 111 college men and women. The results support the second hypothesis, that high levels of masculinity and femininity (androgynous orientation) are conducive to identity achievement and high self-esteem. In contrast, low levels of masculine and feminine characteristics (undifferentiated sex-role orientation) were associated with uniformly low self-esteem and a lack of personal integration (identity diffusion). Sex-typing was most often associated with premature identity commitments and a lack of personality differentiation (identity foreclosure) and with high self-esteem in males but low self-esteem in females. Cross-sex-typing was associated with high levels of self-esteem and identity achievement in females, but with somewhat lower self-esteem in males and either unsuccessful (diffusion) or transitional (moratorium) levels of identity resolution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bem, S. L. The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 155–162.
Bem, S. L. Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 31, 634–643.
Bem, S. L., & Lenney, E. Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1976, 33, 48–54.
Block, J. Ego identity, role variability, and adjustment. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25, 392–397.
Erikson, E. H. Identity and the life cycle. Psychological Issues, No. 1. New York: International Universities Press, 1959.
Erikson, E. H. Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: Norton, 1963.
Gough, H. G., & Heilbrun, A. B. Manual for the Adjective Check List and the Need Scales for the ACL. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1965.
Heilbrun, A. B. Measurement of masculine and feminine sex role identities as independent dimensions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 183–190.
Maccoby, E. E. Sex differences in intellectual functioning. In E. E. Maccoby (ed.), The development of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966, pp. 25–55.
Marcia, J. E. Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 551–558.
Marcia, J. E. Ego identity status: Relationship to change in self-esteem, “general maladjustment” and authoritarianism. Journal of Personality, 1967, 35, 118–133.
Marcia, J. E. Manuscript in preparation for publication. Simon Fraser University, 1976.
Marcia, J. E., & Friedman, M. L. Ego identity status in college women. Journal of Personality, 1970, 38, 249–263.
Matteson, D. R. Adolescence today: Sex roles and the search for identity. Homewood, Il.: The Dorsey Press, 1975.
Podd, M. An investigation of the relationship between ego identity status and level of moral development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1969.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relations to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 29–39.
Waterman, A. S., Geary, P. S., & Waterman, C. K. Longitudinal study of changes in ego identity status from the freshman to the senior year at college. Developmental Psychology, 1974, 10, 387–392.
Wetter, R. E. Levels of self-esteem associated with four sex role categories. Paper presented at the Eighty-third Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, 1975.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by University of Missouri Summer Research Fellowship 3694-1100. The author would like to express his gratitude to Mona Asbed, Richard Baker, Sheila Ginsburg, Keith Shaw, and Marsha Whitson for conducting and rating the identity status interviews.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orlofsky, J.L. Sex-role orientation, identity formation, and self-esteem in college men and women. Sex Roles 3, 561–575 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287839
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287839