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Treatment problems in unilateral locked facet syndrome of the cervical spine

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Résumé

Les auteurs ont analysé les problèmes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques chez 22 patients présentant une luxation unilatérale du rachis cervical avec accrochage des facettes articulaires. Le diagnostic a été retardé chez dix patients; des problèmes thérapeutiques plus ou moins importants ont été rencontrés chez 2/3 d'entre eux. Le protocole thérapeutique a comporté une réduction manuelle associée jusqu'en 1986 à une arthrodèse postérieure par greffe osseuse et cerclage interépineux; après 1986 on a fait appel à une arthrodèse antérieure intersomatique associée à une ostéosynthèse par plaque vissée. Les manoeuvres de réduction à ciel fermé risquent d'entraîner un déplacement du disque intervertébral, un excès de distraction de la moelle épinière et une lésion de l'artère vertébrale. Les luxations non réduites et non arthrodésées évoluent selon toute probabilité vers l'instabilité chronique. Le cerclage postérieur est un mode de stabilisation insuffisant et l'on préfère les plaques antérieures et les plaques postérieures à crochet. Afin d'éviter les problèmes thérapeutiques, un protocole de traitement est proposé qui associe successivement une discectomie antérieure, une réduction par voie antérieure, une décompression chirurgicale des racine nerveuses menacées et une arthrodèse stable unisegmentaire. En dehors de la phase aigue, les structures nerveuses sont décomprimées; l'arthrodèse postérieure est réalisée sans tentative de réduction.

Summary

In a retrospective study of 22 patients with unilateral locked facet syndrome of the cervical spine, diagnostic and treatment problems were analysed. Diagnosis was delayed in ten patients; in two-thirds of the patients minor or major therapeutic problems were encountered. The treatment protocol advised manipulative reduction and-before 1986-posterior fusion by bone blocks and interspinous wiring; after 1986 ventral intercorporeal fusion by plates was recommended. Closed reduction manoeuvres risk dislocation of intervertebral discs, overdistraction of the spinal cord or injury to the vertebral artery. Unreduced and unfused dislocations are likely to develop chronic instability. Dorsal wiring is an inadequate form of stabilization and ventral plates or dorsal hooks are preferred. To prevent treatment problems a treatment protocol is proposed according to which open reduction following anterior discectomy, operative decompression of endangered nerve roots and stable one-level fusion is done. In non-acute injuries neural structures are decompressed; posterior fusion is done without attempts at reduction.

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Schwarz, N., Sim, E. Treatment problems in unilateral locked facet syndrome of the cervical spine. Eur Spine J 2, 65–71 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302705

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