Summary
After an introduction on design and definition of constructs, followed by an overview on case-finding, description of cohort and epidemiological considerations, this paper presents results on (social) disability (course of disability, prediction of disability), reported symptoms (course of symptomatology, prediction of symptomatology), observed (psychological) impairments (course of impairments, prediction of impairments, and value of impairment scores as predictors) and the utilization of medical services (scale of predominant utilization levels, longitudinal pattern of care, proportions of time in and out of hospital, prediction of length of hospitalization and cumulative time in rehabilitation institutions) in an epidemiological cohort of first onset schizophrenics prospectively over 5 years.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Carpenter WT, Bartko JJ, Strauss JS, Hawk AB (1978) Signs and symptoms as predictors of outcome: A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 135:8
Ciompi L (1980) The natural history of schizophrenia in the long term. Br J Psychiatry 136:413–420
Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Johnson AL, MacMillan JF (1986) Northwick park study of first episodes of schizophrenia: I, II, III, IV. Br J Psychiatry 148:115–143
Falloon I, Watt DC, Shepherd M (1978) A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 8:59–70
Falloon I, Watt DC, Shepherd M (1978) The social outcome of patients in a trial of long-term continuation therapy in schizophrenia: pimozide vs. fluphenazine. Psychol Med 8:265–274
Giel R, Wiersma D, De Jong PA, Slooff C (1984) Prognosis and outcome in a cohort of patients with non-affective functional psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 234:97–101
Häfner H, an der Heiden W (1983) The impact of a changing system of care on pattern of utilization by schizophrenics. Soc Psychiatry 18:153–160
Hawk AB, Carpenter WT, Strauss JS (1975) Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia. A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:343–347
Hirsch S, Leff J (1985) Depression in schizophrenia: crucial issues and further evidence. In: Pichot P, Berner P, Wolf R, Thau K (eds) Psychiatry — The state of the art — WPA — Congress 1983. Plenum Press, New York, pp 577–582
Isele R, Angst J (1985) Social disability in schizophrenia: The controlled prospective Burghölzli study. I. Case-finding, research design and characteristics of samples. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 234:341–347
Isele R, Merz J, Malzacher M, Angst J (1985) Social disability in schizophrenia: The controlled prospective Burghölzli study. II. Premorbid living situation and social adjustment —comparison with a normal control sample. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 234:348–356
Jablensky A, Schwarz R, Tomov T (1980) WHO collaborative study on impairments and disabilities associated with schizophrenic disorders. A preliminary communication: objectives and methods. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl 285] 62:152–163
Jablensky A (1981) Symptoms, patterns of course and predictors of outcome in the functional psychoses: some nosological implications. In: Tognoni G, Bellantuono C, Lader M (eds) Epidemiological impact of psychotropic drugs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 71–97
Krüger G, Biehl H, Krumm B, Schubart C (1985) Longitudinal pattern of aftercare in a cohort of recent onset schizophrenics. In: Laaser U, Senault R, Viefhues H (eds) Primary health care in the making. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 261–266
Lamb HR (1976) Community survival for long-term patients. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Pietzcker A, Gaebel W (1983) Prediction of “natural” course, relapse and prophylactic response in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 16:206–211
Schubart C, Krumm B, Biehl H, Schwarz R (1986a) Measurement of social disability in a schizophrenic patient group. Definition, assessment and outcome over two years in a cohort of schizophrenic patients of recent onset. Soc Psychiatry 21:1–9
Schubart C, Schwarz R, Krumm B, Biehl H (1986b) Schizophrenie und soziale Anpassung — Eine prospektive Längsschnittuntersuchung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Schwarz R, Biehl H, Krumm B, Schubart C (1980) Case-finding and characteristics of schizophrenic patients of recent onset in Mannheim. A report from the WHO collaborative study on the assessment of disability associated with schizophrenic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl 285] 62:212–219
Sheldrick C, Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Shepherd M (1977) Schizophrenia succeeded by affective illness: catamnestic study and statistical enquiry. Psychol Med 7:619–624
Strauss JS, Carpenter WT (1977) Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. III. Five-year outcome and its predictors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:159–163
Watt DC, Katz K, Shepherd M (1983) Preliminary communication. The natural history of schizophrenia: A 5-year prospective followup of a representative sample of schizophrenics by means of a standardized clinical and social assessment. Psychol Med 13:663–670
WHO (1973) The international pilot study of schizophrenia, vol 1: Results of the initial evaluation phase. Wiley, London
WHO (1979) Schizophrenia — an international follow-up study. Wiley, London
WHO (1980) International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps (ICIDH). WHO, Geneva
Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N (1974) Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge University Press, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Professor H. Häfner on the occasion of his 60th birthday Parts of this paper are an abbreviated synopsis of the presentations of the first three authors at the Edinburgh WPA conference Sept. 1985
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Biehl, H., Maurer, K., Schubart, C. et al. Prediction of outcome and utilization of medical services in a prospective study of first onset schizophrenics. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 236, 139–147 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380941
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380941