Abstract
The paper reviews how forced oscillation techniques (FOT) for measuring respiratory input impedance Zrs, in have recently been used in clinical applications. Zrs, in is clinically relevant, as it provides data on both the resistive, Rrs, and nonresistive, Xrs, components of the respiratory system. Additionally, when excitatory test signals extending into low- (<4 Hz) or high-frequency (>100 Hz) ranges are used, reliable partitioning of lung tissue from airway components is feasible. Adult and paediatric studies examining the use of Zrs, in for routine lung-function assessment, sleep and mechanical ventilation are reviewed. For clinicians, Zrs, in is repeatable and sensitive to airway resistance. It is helpful for assessing unco-operative and severely obstructed patients, for monotoring mechanics during artificial ventilation and for tracking airway closure during sleep studies. For paediatricians, longitudinal studies of the growth and development of the respiratory system can also be made using Zrs, in. Forced oscillation techniques, however, require further standardisation, and Zrs, in is limited by upper-airway shunt artifacts. In conclusion, measurement of Zrs, in using FOT is an important and sophisticated non-invasive lung-function test, showing good potential for future clinical applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksamit, T., Duggan, C., Watson, A., andPride, N. (1991): ‘Use of oscillation methods to measure nasal airflow resistance’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,1, pp. 232–235
Aronsson, H., Solymar, L., Dempsey, J., Bjure, J., Olson, T., andBake, B. (1977): ‘A modified forced oscillation technique for measurements of respiratory resistance’,J. Appl. Physiol.,42, pp. 650–655.
Badia, J. R., Farré, R., Montserrat, J. M., Ballester, E., Hernandez, L., Rotger, M., Rodriguez-Roisin, R., andNavajas, D. (1998): ‘Forced oscillation technique for the evaluation of severe sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: a pilot study’,Eur. Respir. J.,11, pp. 1–7.
Barbini, P., Cevenini, G., Lutchen, K. R., andUrsino, M.. (1994): ‘Estimating respiratory mechanical parameters of ventilated patients: a critical study in the routine intensive-care unit’,Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,32, pp. 153–160.
Berdel, D., Gast, R., andHuber, B. (1981): ‘The simplified oscillation method for measuring nasal resistance during provocation with allergens’,Clin. Allergy,11, pp. 385–393
Berdel, D., andKoch, U. (1983): ‘Vergleich von aktiver fremdstromrhinomanometrie (oszillationsmethode) und aktiver eigenstromrhinomanometrie bei 17 patienten vor und nach nasenscheidewandkorrektur’,Arch. Otorhinolaryngol.,237, pp. 115–124.
Birch, M., MacLeod, D., andLevine, M. (2001): ‘An analogue instrument for the measurement of respiratory impedance using the forced oscillation technique’,Physiol. Meas.,22, pp. 323–339
Boyle, M., Donegan, C., Walsh, J. andCoakley, D. (1990): ‘Practical pulmonary function testing in elderly medical patients’,J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.,38, p. A43
Brochard, L., Pelle, G., De Palmas, J., Brochard, P., Carre, A., Lorino, H., andHarf, A. (1987): ‘Density and frequency dependence of, resistance in early airway obstruction’.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,135, pp. 579–584
Buhr, W., Jorres, R., Berdel, D. andLandser, J., (1990): ‘Correspondence between forced oscillation and body plethysmography during bronchoprovocation with carbachol in children’,Paediatr. Pulmonol.,8, pp. 280–288
Cauberghs, M., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1983): ‘Mechanical properties of the upper airway’,J. Appl. Physiol.,55, pp. 335–342
Cauberghs, M., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1989): ‘Effect of upper airway shunt and series properties on respiratory impedance measurements’,J. Appl. Physiol.,66, pp. 2274–2279
Cauberghs, M., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1991): ‘Instantaneous measurements of total respiratory impedance’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,1, pp. 226–227
Chalker, R., Celli, B., Habib, R., andJackson, A. (1992): ‘Respiratory input impedance from 4–256 Hz in normals and chronic airflow obstruction: comparisons and correlations with spirometry’,Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,146, pp. 570–576
Chinet, T., Pelle, G., Macquin-Mavier, I., Lorino, H., andHarf, A. (1988): ‘Comparison of the dose-response curves obtained by forced oscillation and plethysmography during carbachol inhalation’,Eur. Respir. J. 1, pp. 600–605
Cuijpers, C., Wesseling, G., Swaen, G., andWouters, E. (1993): ‘Chronic cough in school children, more than a symptom?’,Eur. Respir. J.,6, p. 222
Daroczy, B., andHantos, Z. (1982): ‘An improved forced oscillatory estimation of respiratory impedance’,Int. J. Biomed. Comput.,13, pp. 221–235
Decramer, M., Demedts, M., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1984): ‘Isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air in healthy non-smokers, smokers and asthmatic subjects’,Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir.,20, pp. 237–243
Delacourt, C., Lorino, H., Herve-Guillot, M., Reinhert, P., Harf, A., andHousset, B. (2000). ‘Use of the forced oscillation technique to assess airway obstruction and reversibility in children’,Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med.,161, pp. 730–736
Demedts, M., van Noord, J., andvan de Woestijne, K. P. (1991): ‘Clinical applications of the forced oscillation technique’,Chest,99, pp. 795–797
Desager, K., Willemen, M., Van Bever, H. P., de Backer, W., andVermeire, P. A. (1999a): ‘Effect of rotation of the head on forced oscillation measurements in infants’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,1, p. 228
Desager, K., Vryens, C., Muls, E., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1991b): ‘Use of the forced oscillation technique in infants’,Eur. Respir. J.,4, pp. 246–252
DuBois, A., Brody, A., Lewis, D., andBurgess, B. (1956): ‘Oscillation mechanics of lungs and chest in man’,J. Appl. Physiol.,8, pp. 587–594
Ducharme, F. M., andDavis, M. (1998): ‘Respiratory resistance in the Emergency Department. A reproducible and responsive measure of asthma severity’,Chest,113, pp. 1566–1572
Duiverman, E. J., Clement, J., van de Woestijne, K. P., Neijens, H. J., van den Bergh, A. C. M., andKerrebijn, K. F. (1985): ‘Forced oscillation technique. Reference values for resistance and reactance over a frequency spectrum of 2–26 Hz in healthy children aged 2.3–12.5 years’,Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir.,21, pp. 171–178
Farré, R., Peslin, R., Oostveen, E., Suki, B., Duvivier, C., andNavajas, D. (1989). ‘Human respiratory input impedance from 8 to 256 Hz corrected for upper airway shunt’,J. Appl. Physiol.,67, pp. 1973–1981
Farré, R., Rotger, M., andNavajas, D. (1991) ‘Time-domain filter to improve signal-to-noise ratio in respiratory impedance measurements’.Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,29, pp. 18–24
Farré, R., Ferrer, M., Rotger, M., andNavajas, D. (1995): ‘Servocontrolled generator to measure respiratory impedance from 0.25–26 Hz in ventilated patients at different PEEP levels’,Eur. Respir. J. 8, pp. 1222–1227
Farré, R., Peslin, R., Rotger, M., andNavajas, D. (1997): ‘Inspiratory dynamic obstruction detected by forced oscillation during CPAP. A model study’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,155, pp. 952–956
Farré, R., Ferrer, M., Rotger, M., Torres, A., andNavajas, D. (1998): ‘Respiratory mechanics in ventilated COPD patients: forced oscillation vs occlusion techniques’.Eur. Respir. J.,12, pp. 170–176
Farré, R., Rotger, M., Marchal, F., Peslin, R., andNavajas, D. (1999a): ‘Assessment of bronchial reactivity by forced oscillation admittance avoids the upper airway artefact’,Eur. Respir. J.,13, pp. 761–766
Farré, R., Peslin, R., Rotger, M., Barberá, J. A., andNavajas, D. (1999b). ‘Forced oscillation total respiratory resistance and spontaneous breathing resistance in COPD patients’,Eur. Respir. J. 14, pp. 172–178
Ferris, B., Mead, J., andOpie, L. (1964): ‘Partitioning of respiratory flow resistance in man’,J. Appl. Physiol.,38, pp. 517–530
Finucane, K., Dawson, S., Phelan, P., andMead, J. (1975): ‘Resistance of intrathoracic airways of healthy subjects during periodic flow’,J. Appl. Physiol.,38, pp. 517–530
Fisher, A. B., DuBois, A. B., andHyde, R. W. (1968): ‘Evaluation of the forced oscillation technique for the determination of resistance to breathing’,J. Clin. Invest. 47, pp. 2045–2059
Fredberg, J. J., andStamenovic, D. (1989): ‘On the imperfect elasticity of lung tissue’,J. Appl. Physiol.,67, pp. 2408–2419
Frey, U., Suki, B., Kraemer, R., andJackson, A. C. (1997): ‘Human respiratory input impedance between 32 and 800 Hz, measured by interrupter technique and forced oscillations’,J. Appl. Physiol.,82, pp. 1018–1023
Friedrich, H., Rolke, M., andNolte, D. (1991): ‘Stellenwert nichtplethysmographischer Methoden zur Messung des Atemwiderstandes’,Pneumologie,45, pp. 991–996 (English abstr.)
Gillis, H., andLutchen, K. R. (1999a). ‘Convective ventilation distribution during heterogenous constriction in human lungs assessed via morphometric modelling’.Ann. Biomed. Eng. 27, pp. 14–22
Gillis, H., andLutchen, K. R. (1999b): ‘Airway remodelling in asthma amplifies heterogenous smooth muscle shortening causing hyperresponsiveness’,J. Appl. Physiol.,86, pp. 2001–2012
Gimeno, F., Th. van der Weele, L. Koeter, G., andvan Altena, R. (1992). ‘Forced oscillation technique. Reference values for total respiratory resistance obtained with the Siemens Siregnost FD5’,Ann. Allergy,68, pp. 155–158
Grimby, G., Takishima, T., Graham, W., Macklem, P., andMead, J. (1968). ‘Frequency dependence of flow resistance in patients with obstructive lung disease’,J. Clin. Invest.,47, pp. 1455–1465
Hantos, Z., Daroczy, B., Suki, B., Galgoczy, G., andCsendes, T. (1986): ‘Forced oscillatory impedance of the respiratory system at low frequencies’,J. Appl. Physiol.,60, pp. 123–132
Hantos, Z., Daroczy, B., Suki, B., Nagy, S., andFredberg, J. J. (1992): ‘Input impedance and peripheral inhomegeneity of dog lungs’,J. Appl. Physiol.,72, pp. 168–178
Jackson, A. C., Neff, K. M., Dorkin, H. L., andLutchen, K. R. L. (1996): ‘Interpretation of respiratory input impedance spectra in healthy infants’,Pediatr. Pulmonol.,22, pp. 364–375
Janssens, J. P., Nguyen, M. C., Herrman, F. R., andMichel, J. P. (2000). ‘Diagnostic value of respiratory impedance measurements in elderly subjects’,Eur. Respir. J., (in press)
Jiemsripong, K., Hyatt, R., andOfford, K. (1976): ‘Total respiratory resistance by forced oscillation in normal subjects’,Mayo Clin. Proc.,51, pp. 553–556
Kaczka, D., Ingenito, E. P., Suki, B., and,Lutchen, K. R. (1997): ‘Partitioning airway and lung tissue resistances in humans: effects of bronchoconstriction’,J. Appl. Physiol.,82, pp. 1531–1541
Kaczka, D. K., Ingenito, E. P., andLutchen, K. R. L. (1999a): ‘Technique to determine inspiratory impedance during mechanical ventilation’,Ann. Biomed. Eng.,27, pp. 340–355
Kaczka, D., Ingenito, E. P., Israel, E., andLutchen, K. R. (1999b): ‘Airway and tissue mechanics in asthma’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,159, pp. 169–178
Klug, B., andBisgaard, H. (1996): ‘Measurement of lung function in awake 2–4 year old asthmatic children during methacholine challenge and acute asthma: a comparison of the impulse oscillation technique, the interrupter technique and transcutaneous measurement of oxygen versus whole body plethysmography’,Pediatr. Pulmonol.,21, pp. 290–300
Landser, F. J., Nagels, J., Demedts, M., Billiet, L., andvan der Woestijne, K. P. (1976): ‘A new method to determine the frequency characteristics of the respiratory system’,J. Appl. Physiol.,41, pp. 101–106
Landser, F., Clement, J., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1982): ‘Normal values of total respiratory resistance and reactance determined by forced oscillations. Influence of smoking’,Chest,81, pp. 586–591
Lebecque, P., Spier, S., Lapierre, J., Lamarre, A., Zinman R., andCoates, A. (1987): ‘Histamine challenge test in children using forced oscillation to measure total respiratory resistance’,Chest,92, pp. 313–318
Lebecque, P., andStanescu, D. (1997): ‘Respiratory resistance by the forced oscillation technique in asthmatic children and cystic fibrosis patients’,Eur. Respir. J. 10, pp. 891–895
Loos, N., Peslin, R., andMarchal, F. (2000): ‘Respiratory and upper airways impedance responses to methacholine in spontaneously breathing cats’,Eur. Respir. J.,15, pp. 1001–1008
Lorino, H., Lorino, A., Mariette, C., andBeydon, L. (1993): ‘Measurement of respiratory resistive impedance through an endotracheal tube’,Eur. Respir. J.,6, p. 403s
Lorino, A., Beydon, L., Mariette, C., Dahan, E., andLorino, H. (1996): ‘A new correction technique for measuring respiratory impedance through an endotracheal tube’,Eur. Respir. J.,9, pp. 1079–1086
Lorino, A. M., Zerah, F., Mariette, A., Harf, A. E., andLorino, H. (1997): ‘Respiratory resistive impedance in obstructive patients: linear regression analysis vs viscoelastic modelling’,Eur. Respir. J.,10, pp. 150–155
Lutchen, K. R., Soueid, K. Y., Habib, R. H. andJackson, A. C. (1992): ‘Influence of the upper airways and airway acoustic phenomena on the relation between input and transfer impedance in humans’,Eur. Respir. J. 15, p. 254s
Lutchen, K. R., Suki, B., Zhang, Q., Petak, B., Daroczy, B., andHantos, Z. (1994). ‘Airway and tissue mechanics during physiological breathing and bronchoconstriction in dogs’,J. Appl. Physiol.,77, pp. 373–385
Lutchen, K. R., Greenstein, J. L., andSuki, B. (1996): ‘How inhomogeneities and airway walls affect frequency dependence and separation of airways and tissue properties’,J. Appl. Physiol.,80, pp. 1696–1707
Lutchen, K., andSuki, B. (1996): ‘Understanding pulmonary mechanics using forced oscillation techniques; Emphasis on breathing frequencies’ inKhoo, M. (Ed.): ‘Bioengineering approaches to pulmonary physiology and medicine’ (Plenum Press, New York, 1996), Chap. 15, pp. 227–253
Lutchen, K. R., Sullivan, A., Arbogast, F. T., Celli, B. R., andJackson, A. (1998). ‘Use of transfer impedance measurements for clinical assessment of lung mechanics’,Am. J. Crit. Care Med.,157, pp. 435–446
MacLeod, D. (1995): ‘Impulse oscillometry in clinical practice’ inVogel, J., Nolte, D., andSmith, H. J. (Eds): ‘Impuls-Oszillometrie’ (Dustri-Verlag, Munchen 1995), pp. 112–119
MacLeod, D. (1997): ‘Use of a within-breath forced oscillation technique— development and clinical applications’ MD thesis, University of London (External Student)
Marchal, F., Bouaziz, N., Baeyert, C., Galina, C., Duvivier, C., andPeslin, R. (1996). ‘Separation of airway and tissue properties by transfer respiratory impedance and thoracic gas volume in reversible airway obstruction’,Eur. Respir. J.,9, pp. 253–261
Marchal, F., Loos, N., Monin, P., andPeslin, R. (1999): ‘Methacholine-induced volume dependence of respiratory resistance in preschool children’,Eur. Respir. J.,14, pp. 1167–1174
Marchal, F., Loos, N., Schweitzer, C., andGauthier, R. (2000): ‘Quelques aspects de l'exploration fonctionelle chez l'enfant’,Rev. Mal. Respir. 17, pp. 67–75
McGloughlin, P., andPrichard, J. (1990): ‘Assessment of bronchodilator response by spirometric and impedance methods: a comparison’,Thorax,45, p. 311
Melo, P. L., Werneck, M., andGiannella-Neto, A. (1998): ‘Linear servocontrolled pressure generator for forced oscillations’,Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.,36, pp. 11–16
Michaelson, E., Grassman, E., andPeters, W. (1975): ‘Pulmonary mechanics by spectral analysis of forced random noise’,J. Clin. Invest.,56, pp. 1210–1230
Michels, A., Loveniers, M., van de Woestijne, K. P. (1991): ‘Influence of head posture on the impedance of the respiratory system’,Eur. Respir. Rev. 1, pp 229–231
Mishima, M., Kawakami, K., Higashiya, K., Fukunaga, T., Ooka, T., andKuno, K. (1991): ‘Frequency characteristics of airway and tissue impedances in respiratory diseases’,J. Appl. Physiol.,71 pp. 259–270
Montserrat, J. M., andBadia, J. R. (1999): ‘Upper airway resistance syndrome’,Sleep Med. Rev.,3, pp. 5–21
Nagels, J., Landser, F. J., van der Linden, L., Clement, J., andvan de Woestijne, K. P. (1980): ‘Mechanical properties of lungs and chest wall during spontaneous breathing’,J. Appl. Physiol.,49, pp. 408–416
Navajas, D., Farré, R., Rotger, M., andPeslin, R. (1988): ‘A new estimator to minimize the error due to breathing in the measurement of respiratory impedance’,IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,35, pp. 1001–1005
Navajas, D., Farré, R., Rotger, M., andTorres, A. (1994): ‘Monitoring respiratory impedance by forced oscillation in mechanically ventilated patients’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 216–218
Navajas, D., Farré, R., Rotger, M., Badia, R., Puig-de-Morales, M., andMontserrat, J. M. (1998): ‘Assessment of airflow obstruction during CPAP by means of forced oscillation in patients with sleep apnoea’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,157, pp. 1526–1530
Navajas, D., Duvivier, C., Farré, R., andPeslin, R. (2000): ‘A simplified method for monitoring respiratory impedance during CPAP’,Eur. Respir. J.,15, pp. 185–191
Neild, J., Twort, C., Chinn, S., McCormack, S., Jones, T., Burney, P., andCameron, I. (1989): ‘The repeatability and validity of respiratory resistance measured by the forced oscillation technique’,Respir. Med.,83, pp. 111–118
Oostveen, E., Peslin, R., Duvivier, C., andZwart, A. (1989): ‘Flow and volume dependence of respiratory mechanical properties studied by forced oscillations’,J. Appl. Physiol.,76, pp. 2212–2218
Oostveen, E., andZwart, A. (1991). ‘Reliability of the coherence function for rejecting respiratory impedance data’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,1, pp. 218–221
Oostveen, E., Ince, C., Le Feber, J., andBruining, H. A. (1994): ‘Tip manometry beyond the endotracheal tube to measure respiratory input impedance’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 227–231
Oostveen, E., Huygen, P., Peters, P. M., Ince, C., andBruining, H. A. (1997): ‘Respiratory mechanics of artificially ventilated patients measured by forced oscillations’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,155, p. A859
Pasker, H. G., Mertens, I., Clement, J., van de Woestijne, K. P. (1994): ‘Normal values of total respiratory input resistance and reactance for adult men and women’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 134–137
Peslin, R., Papon, J., Duvivier, C., andRichalet, J. (1975): ‘Frequency response of the chest: modelling and parameter estimation’,J. Appl. Physiol.,39, pp. 523–534
Peslin, R., andFredberg, J. (1986): ‘Oscillation mechanics of the respiratory system’ in ‘The respiratory system handbook of physiology’ (American Physiological Society, Waverly Press Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1986), Section 3, (3), Pt. I, Chap. 11, pp. 145–177
Peslin, R., Marchal, F., Duvivier, C., Ying, Y., andGallina, C. (1991): ‘Evaluation of a modified head generator for respiratory impedance measurements’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,1, pp. 140–145
Peslin, R., Ying, Y., Gallina, C., andDuvivier, C. (1992): ‘Within-breath variations of forced oscillation resistance in healthy subjects’,Eur. Respir. J.,5, pp. 86–92
Peslin, R., Felicio da Silva, J., Duvivier, C., andChabot, F. (1993): ‘Respiratory mechanics studied by forced oscillations during artificial ventilation’,Eur. Respir. J.,6, pp. 772–784
Peslin, R., Teculescu, D., Locuty, J., Gallina, C., andDuvivier C. (1994): ‘Normal values of total respiratory input impedance with the head generator technique’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 134–137
Peslin, R., andDuvivier, C. (1998a): ‘Partitioning of airway and respiratory tissue mechanical impedances by body plethysmography’,J. Appl. Physiol.,84, pp. 553–561
Peslin, R., andDuvivier, C. (1998b): ‘Evaluation of forced oscillation method to measure thoracic gas volume’,J. Appl. Physiol.,84, pp. 862–867
Petak, F., Hayden, M. J., Hantos, Z., andSly, P. D. (1997): ‘Volume dependence of respiratory impedance in infants’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,156, pp. 1172–1177
Phagoo, S., Watson, R., Silverman, M., andPride, N. (1995): ‘Comparison of four methods of assessing airflow resistance before and after induced airway narrowing in normal subjects’,J. Appl. Physiol.,79, pp. 518–525
Pimmel, R. L., Fullton, J. M., Ginsberg, J. F., Hazucha, M. J., Haak, E. D., McDonnell, W. F., andBromberg, P. A. (1981): ‘Correlation of airway resistance with forced random noise resistance parameters’,J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Ex. Physiol.,51, pp. 33–39
Pride, N. (1992): ‘Forced oscillation techniques for measuring mechanical properties of the respiratory system’,Thorax,47, pp. 317–320
Reinhold, P. (1996): ‘Validation of the monofrequency forced oscillation technique and the impulse oscillation technique for respiratory function testing in calves’. PhD Thesis, University of Liege, Belgium
Rotger, M., Farré, R., Navajas, D., andPeslin, R. (1993): ‘Respiratory input impedance up to 256 Hz in healthy humans breathing foreign gases’,J. Appl. Physiol.,75, pp. 307–320
Scott, R. (1993): ‘The determination of the respiratory impedance by the oscillatory airflow technique’. PhD thesis, University of Bath, UK
Scott, R., andGrant, L. (1994). ‘The assessment of cardiogenic interference on respiratory input impedance measurements and attempts to minimize effects using adaptive filtering’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 126–129
Schlenker, E., Feldmeyer, F., andRuhle, K. H. (1996): ‘Oscillatory impedance (OI): a sensitive method to detect obstruction in upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)’,Eur. Respir. J.,9, p. 197S
Shelton, D., Pertuze, J., Gleeson, M., Thompson, J., Denman, W., Goff, J., Eiser, N., andPride, N. (1990): ‘Comparison of oscillation with three other methods for measuring nasal airways resistance’,Respir. Med.,84, pp. 101–106
Sly, P. D., Hayden, M. J., Petak, F., andHantos, Z. (1996): ‘Measurement of low-frequency respiratory impedance in infants’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,154, pp. 161–166
Stocks, J. (1996): ‘Infant respiratory function testing’ (Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996), pp. 355–378
Suki, B., andLutchen, K. R. (1992): ‘Pseudorandom signals to estimate apparent transfer and coherence functions of nonlinear systems: Applications to respiratory mechanics’,IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,39, pp. 1142–1151
Suki, B., Habib, R. H., andJackson, A. C. (1993): ‘Wave propagation, input impedance, and wall mechanics of the calf trachea from 16 to 1,600 Hz’,J. App. Physiol.,75, pp. 2755–2766
Stanescu, D. C., Fesler, R., Veriter, C., Frans, A., andBrasseur, L. (1975): ‘A modified measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillation during normal breathing’,J. Appl. Physiol.,39, pp. 305–311
Takishima, T., Hida, W., Suzuki, S. andSasaki, T. (1981): ‘Direct graphical recordings of the cumulative dose-response curves of the airway to methacholine in normal, bronchitic and asthmatic subjects’,J. Exp. Med.,135, pp. 117–137
Tomalak, V., Peslin, R., andDuvivier, C. (1997): ‘Respiratory tissue properties derived from flow transfer function in healthy humans’,J. Appl. Physiol.,82, pp. 1098–1106
van Noord, J. A., Wellens, W. Clarysse, I., Cauberghs, M., van de Woestijne, K. P., andDemedts, M. (1987): ‘Total respiratory resistance and reactance in patients with upper airway obstruction’,Chest,92, pp. 475–480
van Noord, J. A., Clement, J., van de Woestijne, K. P., andDemedts, M. (1989a): ‘Total respiratory resistance and reactance as a measurement of response to bronchial challenge with histamine’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,139, pp. 921–926
van Noord, J. A., Clement, J., Cauberghs, M., Martens, I., van de Woestijne, K. P., andDemedts, M. (1989b). ‘Total respiratory resistance and reactance in patients with diffuse intersitital lung disease’Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,150, pp. 551–554
van Noord, J. A., Smeets, J., Clement, J., van de Woestijne, K. P., andDemedts, M. (1994): ‘Assessment of reversibility of airflow obstruction’,Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,150, pp. 551–554
van den Elshout, F. J., van de Woestijne, K. P., andFolgering, H. M. (1990): ‘Variations of respiratory impedance with lung volume in bronchial hyper-reactivity’,Chest,98, pp. 358–364
van der Putten, W., MacLeod, D., andPrichard, J. (1993): ‘Within-breath measurement of respiratory impedance’,Physiol. Meas.,14, pp. 393–400
van de Woestijne, K. P. (1993): ‘The forced oscillation technique in intubated mechanically ventilated patients’,Eur. Respir. J.,6, pp. 767–769
Verbeken, E. K., Cauberghs, M., Mertens, L., andLauweryns, J. M. (1992): ‘Tissue and airway impedance of excised normal, senile, and emphysematous lungs’,J. Appl. Physiol.,72, pp. 2343–2353
Vogel, J. andSmidt, U. (Eds) (1994): ‘Impuls-Oscillometry: Analysis of lung mechanics in general pratice and the clinic, epidemiology and experimental research’ (pmi-Verl. Gruppe, Frankfurt am Main, Moskau, Senwald, Wiet, 1994)
Wesseling, G., andWouters, E. (1992): ‘Analysis of respiratory impedance characteristics in chronic bronchitis’,Respiration,59, pp. 81–88
Wesseling, G. (1993): ‘Respiratory impedance measurements in clinical lung function testing’. PhD thesis. University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Zwart, A., andvan de Woestijne, K. (1994): ‘Mechanical respiratory impedance by forced oscillation’,Eur. Respir. Rev.,4, pp. 141–237
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
MacLeod, D., Birch, M. Respiratory input impedance measurement: Forced oscillation methods. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 39, 505–516 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02345140
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02345140