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Eukaryotic enhancers: common features, regulation, and participation in diseases

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Abstract

Enhancers are positive DNA regulatory sequences controlling temporal and tissue-specific gene expression. These elements act independently of their orientation and distance relative to the promoters of target genes. Enhancers act through a variety of transcription factors that ensure their correct match with target promoters and consequent gene activation. There is a growing body of evidence on association of enhancers with transcription factors, co-activators, histone chromatin marks, and lncRNAs. Alterations in enhancers lead to misregulation of gene expression, causing a number of human diseases. In this review, we focus on the common characteristics of enhancers required for transcription stimulation.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to N.A. Gorgolyuk for his help in preparing the manuscript. This study was supported by RFBR 15-04-04208-a to D.C., RFBR 15-04-03973-a to M.E., RFBR 13-04-93106-CNRS_a to P.G., and the MEGAFSHD grant from the Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM) to Y.V.

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  1. Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia

    Maksim Erokhin, Pavel Georgiev & Darya Chetverina

  2. LIA 1066, Laboratoire Franco-Russe de recherche en oncologie, 119334, Moscow, Russia

    Maksim Erokhin, Yegor Vassetzky & Pavel Georgiev

  3. UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France

    Yegor Vassetzky

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Erokhin, M., Vassetzky, Y., Georgiev, P. et al. Eukaryotic enhancers: common features, regulation, and participation in diseases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 2361–2375 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1871-9

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