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Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes

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Abstract

It is today acknowledged that aging is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory status, and that inflammation exacerbates age-related diseases such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vascular calcification is a complication that also occurs during aging, in particular in association with atherosclerosis and T2DM. Recent studies provided compelling evidence that vascular calcification is associated with inflammatory status and is enhanced by inflammatory cytokines. In the present review, we propose on one hand to highlight the most important and recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis and T2DM. On the other hand, we will present the effects of inflammatory mediators on the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell and on the deposition of crystals. Since vascular calcification significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in affected individuals, a better understanding of its induction and development will pave the way to develop new therapeutic strategies.

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Abbreviations

ANKH:

Ankylosis protein homolog

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

CAC:

Coronary artery calcification

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CRP:

C-reactive protein

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ENPP1:

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1

FDG:

Fluorodeoxyglucose

GACI:

Generalized arterial calcification in infancy

HIF:

Hypoxia inducible factor

HPGS:

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome

IFN:

Interferon

IL-1Ra:

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

MGP:

Matrix Gla protein

MMP:

Matrix metalloprotease

MVs:

Matrix vesicles

NLRP3:

NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PPi :

Inorganic pyrophosphate

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

VSMCs:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

TNAP:

Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

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Bessueille, L., Magne, D. Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 2475–2489 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4

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