Introduction
Methods
Data sources
Extraction strategy
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Commentaries, editorials, review articles
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Studies not related to road traffic
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Studies not performed on humans
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Studies with no simultaneous exposure to noise and air pollutants
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Studies with no assessment of cardiovascular effects
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Studies not reporting the impact of confounding variables
Results
Studies | Characteristics of the studya
| Traffic noise exposure (noise indicator) [validation of the model] | Air pollution exposure (air pollution indicator) [validation of the model] | Exposure levels | Health outcome (definition) | Main findings: (95 % confidence interval) | Percentage of change in the estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
de Kluizenaar et al. (2007) | Groningen sample: | Cross-sectional
N: 40,856 28–75 years Groningen, Netherlands 1997–1998 | Dispersion model : The Standaart Kartering Method 2 implemented in Urbis (L
den) [no information on validation] | Dispersion models: (i) Local traffic contribution from the model CAR II (ii) The Gaussian dispersion model “Pluim” (PM10) [no information on validation] | Average (SD) L
den in the Groningen sample: No AHT: 53.3 (6.9) dB(A) AHT: 54.6 (7.0) dB(A) Median (5–95 percentile) PM10 level in the Groningen sample: No AHT: 33.5 (32.8–37.5) μg/m3
AHT: 33.6 (32.9–37.6) μg/m3
| Self-reported antihypertensive medication intake | OR per 10 dB(A) increase Full sample ORA 1.01 (0.96–1.06) ORP 1.03 (0.96–1.11) Subgroup 45–55 years ORA 1.08 (0.97–1.20) ORP 1.19 (1.02–1.40) | Full sample 1.98 % Subgroup 45–55 years 10.19 % |
PREVENT cohort sub sample | Cross-sectional
N: 8,592 28–75 years Groningen, Netherlands 1997–1998 | Hypertension: use of antihypertensive medication (pharmacy record) or systolic blood pressure ≥140 and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 (mean of the last 2 measurements from the 2 visits) | OR per 10 dB(A) increase Full sample ORA 1.07 (0.98–1.18) ORP 1.08 (0.95–1.23) Subgroup 45–55 years ORA 1.27 (1.08–1.49) ORP 1.39 (1.08–1.77) | Full sample 0.93 % Subgroup 45–55 years 9.45 % | ||||
Beelen et al. (2009) | Cohort
N: 117,528 55–69 years Netherlands 1987–1996 | Dispersion model :Empara (L
den) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average <2–3 dB(A)] | Land use regression (black smoke) [R
2 = 0.59] | Average L
den level (SD) : 52 (7) dB(A) Black smoke average level: 13.9 (2.2) μg/m³ NO2 average level: 30 mg/m3
| Mortality from: ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and cardiac dysrhythmia (ICD 9 for 1986–1995 and ICD 10 for 1996) | RR compared to a reference category of ≤50 dB(A) Overall cardiovascular mortality RRA 1.25 (1.01–1.53) RRP 1.17 (0.94–1.45) Ischemic heart disease mortality RRA 1.15 (0.86–1.53) RRP 1.01 (0.74–1.36) Cerebrovascular mortality RRA 0.88 (0.52–1.50) RRP 0.95 (0.55–1.66) Heart failure mortality RRA 1.99 (1.05–3.79) RRP 1.90 (0.96–3.78) Cardiac dysrhythmia mortality RRA 1.23 (0.50–3.01) RRP 1.23 (0.48–3.13) | Overall cardiovascular mortality 6.40 % Ischemic heart disease mortality 12.17 % Cerebrovascular mortality 7.95 % Heart failure mortality 4.52 % Cardiac dysrhythmia mortality 0.00 % | |
Selander et al. (2009) | Case–control
N: 2,095 (controls) + 1,571 (cases) 45–70 years Stockholm country, Sweden 1992–1994 | Dispersion model: simplified Nordic prediction method (L
A,eq,24h) [No information on validation] | Dispersion model: Gaussian Air Quality Dispersion model (NO2) [No information on validation] |
L
A,eq,24h: NA NO2: median level 12.9 μg/m3 for controls Median level for cases: NA | Myocardial infarction (coronary records, hospital discharge register and the National Cause of Death at statistic Sweden) | OR compared to a reference category of ≤50 dB Full sample ORP 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 7 % | |
Sorensen et al. (2011) | Cohort
N: 51,485 55–64 years Copenhagen or Aarthus, Denmark 1993–2006 | Dispersion model: Sound plan with the Nordic prediction method, DANSIM and INM 3 (L
den) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average 0.2 dB] | Dispersion model: Danish AirGis (NOX) [R
2 = 0.75] | Median L
den (5–95 percentile) : <64.5 years 57.8 (NA) dB(A) and ≥64.5 years 58.2 (NA) dB(A) NOX 5–95 percentile) median levels at
L
den ≤60 dB 18.5 (14.1–28.3) μg/m3 and L
den >60 dB 34.3 (16.9–137) μg/m3
| Stroke (hospital discharge register ICD 8 and 10) | IRR per 10 dB(A) increase Full sample IRRA 1.10 (1.03–1.18) IRRP 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 3.64 % | |
Sorensen et al. (2012a) | Cohort
N: 50,614 55–64 years Copenhagen or Aarthus, Denmark 1993–2006 | Dispersion model: Sound plan with the Nordic prediction method, DANSIM and INM 3 (L
den) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average 0.2 dB] | Dispersion model: Danish AirGis (NOX) [R
2 = 0.75] | Median L
den (5–95 percentile) 56.4 (48.5–70.1) dB(A) Median NOX (5–95 percentile) 20.8 (14.4–88.0) μg/m3
| Myocardial infarction (ICD 10) | IRR per 10 dB(A) increase Full sample (per 10 dB[A]) IRRcrude 1.10 (1.03–1.19) IRRAdj 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 1.82 % | |
Gan et al. (2012) | Cohort
N: 445,868 45–85 years Vancouver Canada 1994–2002 | Dispersion model: CadnaA base model using the EMME/2 for traffic volume (L
den) [No information on validation] | Land use regression (NO2, PM2.5 and black carbon) [NO2: R
2 = 0.56 PM2.5
R
2 = 0.52 Black carbon NA] | Average L
den (SD): 63.4 (5.0) dB(A) PM2.5 average level (SD): 4.10 (1.64) μg/m3
NO2 average level (SD): 32.3 (8.1) μg/m3
NOX average level (SD): 32.2 (12.0) μg/m3
Black carbon average level (SD): 1.50 (1.1) 10−5/m | Ischemic heart diseases mortalities (ICD-9 and ICD-10) | RR per increase of 10 dB(A) PM2.5
RRA 1.13 (1.06–1.21) RR P 1.13 (1.06–1.21) NO2 + PM2.5
RRA 1.13 (1.06–1.21) RR P 1.12 (1.05–1.21) Black carbon + NO2 + PM2.5
RRA 1.13 (1.06–1.21) RR P 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | PM2.5
0.00 % NO2 + PM2.5
0.88 % Black carbon + NO2 + PM2.5 3.54 % | |
Dratva et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional
N: 6,450 28–72 years Switzerland 2002–2003 | Dispersion model: SONABASE (L
Day and L
night) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average ± 2.6 dB(A) (day) ± 3.1 dB(A) (night)] | Dispersion model: PolluMap Gaussian dispersion model (NO2) [R
2 = 0.72] | Average (SD) L
day : 50.5 (7.2) dB(A) Average (SD) L
night : 38.7 (7.8) dB(A) Average (SD) levels for: NO2: 23.0 (9.9) μg/m3
PM10: 21.3 (7.1) μg/m3
| Blood pressure (measured by the Riva-Rocci method by trained field workers) | Increase in BP per 10 dB (A) Night time systolic BP
β
A: −0.01 (−0.6 to 0.59)
β
AP: 0.15 (−0.48 to 0.77) Nighttime diastolic BP
β
A: −0.05 (−0.41 to 0.30)
β
AP: −0.15 (−0.36 to 0.39) Daytime systolic BP
β
A: −0.11 (−0.68 to 0.47)
β
AP: 0.05 (−0.56 to 0.07) Daytime diastolic BP
β
A: −0.10 (−0.44 to 0.24)
β
AP: −0.04 (−0.40 to 0.33) | Nighttime systolic BP 1,600 % Nighttime diastolic BP 200 % Daytime systolic BP 145.45 % Daytime diastolic BP 60 % |
Studies | Characteristics of the studya
| Traffic noise exposure (noise indicator) [validation of the model] | Air pollution exposure (air pollution indicator) [validation of the model] | Exposure levels | Health outcome (definition) | Main findings : air pollutions effects adjusted for noise effects | Percentage of change in the estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beelen et al. (2009) | Cohort
N 117,528 55–69 years Netherlands 1987–1996 | Dispersion model :Empara (L
den) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average <2–3 dB(A)] | Land use regression (black smoke) [R
2 = 0.59] | Average L
den level (SD) : 52 (7) dB(A) Black smoke average level: 13.9 (2.2) μg/m³ NO2 average level : 30 mg/m3
| Mortality from: ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and cardiac dysrhythmia (ICD 9 for 1986–1995 and ICD 10 for 1996) | RR for an increase of 10 μg/m3 of black smoke and adjusted for traffic intensity Overall cardiovascular mortality RRA 1.11 (0.96–1.28) RRPT 1.11 (0.95–1.28) [RRA 1.01 (1.00–1.02) RRPT 1.01 (0.99–1.02)]†
Ischemic heart disease mortality RRA 1.01 (0.83–1.22) RRPT 1.01 (0.83–1.22) [RRA 1.00 (0.98–1.02) RRPT 1.00 (0.98–1.02)]†
Cerebrovascular mortality RRA 1.39 (0.99–1.94) RRPT 1.41 (1.01–1.97) [RRA 1.03 (1.00–1.07) RRPT 1.03 (1.00–1.07)]†
Heart failure mortality RRA 1.75 (1.00–3.05) RRPT 1.76 (1.01–3.08) [RRA 1.06 (1.00–1.12) RRPT 1.06 (1.00–1.12)]†
Cardiac dysrhythmia mortality RRA 0.96 (0.51–1.79) RRPT 0.94 (0.50–1.76) [RRA 1.00 (0.99–1.06) RRPT 0.99 (0.93–1.06)]†
| Overall cardiovascular mortality 0.00 % [0.00 %]†
Ischemic heart disease mortality 0.00 % [0.00 %]†
Cerebrovascular mortality 1.44 % [0.14 %]†
Heart failure mortality 0.57 % [0.06 %]†
Cardiac dysrhythmia mortality 2.08 % [0.21 %]†
|
Sorensen et al. (2012b)
| Cohort (cross-sectional to assess the BP results)
N: 44,436 55–64 years Copenhagen or Aarthus, Denmark 2000–2002 | Dispersion model: Sound plan with the Nordic prediction method, DANSIM and INM 3 (L
den) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average 0.2 dB] | Dispersion model: Danish AirGis (NOX) [R
2 = 0.75] | Median baseline L
den 5–95 percentile) 56.3 (48.4–70.0) dB(A) Median baseline NOX (5–95 percentile) 20.2 (14.3–86.8) μg/m3
| Difference in BP (mmHg) | Regression coefficient for a doubling in NOX level Systolic BP β
A: −0.39 (−0.64; −0.13) β
P: −0.53 (−0.88; −0.19) | Systolic BP 35.90 % |
Clark et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional
N: 719 9–10 years UK 2001–2003 | Dispersion model: simplified form of the UK standard calculation of road traffic noise (L
Day) [No information on validation] | Dispersion model: King’s College London Emissions Toolkit (NO2) [Measured vs. Estimated: on average 2.4 ppb] | Average L
day : 50 dB(A) NO2 average level 42.73 μg/m3
| Blood pressure measured using automatic blood pressure meters (OMORON 711) | Regression coefficient for an increase of 1 μg/m3 NO2 increase Systolic BP β
A: 0.058 (−0.092 to 0.210) β
P: 0.070 (−0.120 to 0.259) Diastolic BP β
A: 0.033 (−0.084 to 0.151) β
P: 0.088 (−0.059 to 0.236) | Systolic BP 20.69 % Diastolic BP 166.67 % |
Quality of studies
Author(s) | Selection biases | Classification biases | Study design | ||
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Major | Minor | Major | Minor | ||
Beelen et al. (2009) | None | Approximately, 85 % of the population at baseline had no paid job. | None | Input data from 2000 for the noise model paired with the 1986 home address Cause of death based on non-validated medico administrative databases Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Case cohort |
Sorensen et al. (2011) | None | Response rate between 30 and 60 % | None | Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Cohort |
de Kluizenaar et al. (2007) | None | Response rate between 30 and 60 % | None | The air pollution indicator was not specific to road traffic Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Cross-sectional |
Sorensen et al. (2012a) | None | Response rate between 30 and 60 % | None | Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Cohort |
Sorensen et al. (2012b) | None | Response rate between 30 and 60 % | None | Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Cross-sectionala
|
Gan et al. (2012) | None | None | None | Cause of death based on non-validated medico administrative databases Exposure assessed with the residential address only | Cohort |
Selander et al. (2009) | None | None | None | None | Case control |
Dratva et al. (2012) | None | No direct information on response rate | None | None | Cross-sectionala
|
Clark et al. (2012) | None | Exclusion of 7 of the 9 school because of missing air pollution exposure | None | Exposure assessed at school only | Cross-sectionala
|