Introduction
Methods
Development process for HRAPIE project recommendations
Implementation of the HRAPIE project recommendations
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Group A: pollutant–outcome pairs for which enough data are available to enable quantification of effects;
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Group B: pollutant–outcome pairs for which there is more uncertainty about the data used for quantification of effects.
Possible double counting of effects of various pollutants
Results
Pollutant metric | Health outcome | Group | RR (95 % CI) per 10 µg/m3
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PM2.5, annual mean | Mortality, all-cause (natural), age 30+ years | A* | 1.062 (1.040–1.083) |
PM2.5, annual mean | Mortality, cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke), ischaemic heart disease, COPD and trachea, bronchus and lung cancer, age 30+ years | A | GBD 2010 study (IHME 2013)a
|
PM10, annual mean | Postneonatal (age 1–12 months) infant mortality, all-cause | B* | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) |
PM10, annual mean | Prevalence of bronchitis in children, age 6–12 (or 6–18) years | B* | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) |
PM10, annual mean | Incidence of chronic bronchitis in adults (age 18+ years) | B* | 1.117 (1.040–1.189) |
PM2.5, daily mean | Mortality, all-cause, all ages | A | 1.0123 (1.0045–1.0201) |
PM2.5, daily mean | Hospital admissions, CVDs (including stroke), all ages | A* | 1.0091 (1.0017–1.0166) |
PM2.5, daily mean | Hospital admissions, respiratory diseases, all ages | A* | 1.0190 (0.9982–1.0402) |
PM2.5, 2-week average, converted to PM2.5, annual average | RADs, all ages | B** | 1.047 (1.042–1.053) |
PM2.5, 2-week average, converted to PM2.5, annual average | Work days lost, working-age population (age 20–65 years) | B* | 1.046 (1.039–1.053) |
PM10, daily mean | Incidence of asthma symptoms in asthmatic children aged 5–19 years | B* | 1.028 (1.006–1.051) |
O3, summer months (April–September), average of daily maximum 8-h mean over 35 ppb | Mortality, respiratory diseases, age 30+ years | B | 1.014 (1.005–1.024) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 35 ppb | Mortality, all (natural) causes, all ages | A* | 1.0029 (1.0014–1.0043) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 10 ppb | Mortality, all (natural) causes, all ages | A | 1.0029 (1.0014–1.0043) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 35 ppb | Mortality, CVDs and respiratory diseases, all ages | A | CVD: 1.0049 (1.0013–1.0085); respiratory: 1.0029 (0.9989–1.0070) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 10 ppb | Mortality, CVDs and respiratory diseases, all ages | A | CVD: 1.0049 (1.0013–1.0085); respiratory: 1.0029 (0.9989–1.0070) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 35 ppb | Hospital admissions, CVDs (excluding stroke) and respiratory diseases, age 65+ years | A* | CVD: 1.0089 (1.0050–1.0127); respiratory: 1.0044 (1.0007–1.0083) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 10 ppb | Hospital admissions, CVDs (excluding stroke) and respiratory diseases, age 65+ years | A | CVD: 1.0089 (1.0050–1.0127); respiratory: 1.0044 (1.0007–1.0083) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 35 ppb | MRADs, all ages | B* | 1.0154 (1.0060–1.0249) |
O3, daily maximum 8-h mean over 10 ppb | MRADs, all ages | B | 1.0154 (1.0060–1.0249) |
NO2, annual mean over 20 µg/m3
| Mortality, all (natural) causes, age 30+ years | B* | 1.055 (1.031–1.080) |
NO2, annual mean | Prevalence of bronchitic symptoms in asthmatic children aged 5–14 years | B* | 1.021 (0.990–1.060) per 1 µg/m3 change in annual mean NO2
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NO2, daily maximum 1-h mean | Mortality, all (natural) causes, all ages | A* | 1.0027 (1.0016–1.0038) |
NO2, daily maximum 1-h mean | Hospital admissions, respiratory diseases, all ages | A | 1.0015 (0.9992–1.0038) |
NO2, 24-h mean | Hospital admissions, respiratory diseases, all ages | A* | 1.0180 (1.0115–1.0245) |