Survival rates of patients with pancreatic cancer have improved only marginally during the last 30 years with a 5-year survival rate of only 6 % [1]. In contrast, the prognosis of patients with rectal carcinoma has improved substantially during the same timeframe [2]. This progress was due to standardizing surgical therapy [3] worldwide and by the implementation of multimodal therapy [4‐6]. Moreover, in rectal cancer it was found early that a clear circumferential margin is important and that even margins below 1 mm cause a significant increase in the rate of local recurrence [7]. All these measures caused a decline in local recurrence from 50 % to about 10 % and an increase of 5-year survival rates up to more than 50 % worldwide. This progress led to the hypothesis that the much poorer prognosis of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas might be improved in an analogous manner.
Adjuvant therapy has been tested in a series of RCT phase III trials, the most important of these are ESPAC-1, CONKO-001, RTOG 97–04, and ESPAC-3 [8‐11]. But these trials were still running or results were not yet available when the present trial was planned and conducted. The results of these trials led to a change in standard treatment recommending adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy since 2007 in Germany [12].
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The concept of neoadjuvant rather than adjuvant treatment in pancreatic cancer appears attractive for several reasons. First, up to 30 % of the tumors staged as resectable cannot be resected due to undetected metastatic disease or underestimated tumor contact to peripancreatic vessels [13]. Second, up to 30 % of the patients cannot receive adjuvant therapy because of poor post-operative performance status [14]. Both groups of patients are not included into adjuvant trials, though improving overall survival in both arms (adjuvant therapy vs. no adjuvant therapy) by simple patient selection. Neoadjuvant treatment is thought to be better tolerated than adjuvant treatment and avoids postsurgical morbidity in patients with rapidly metastasizing tumors. Nonrandomized trials using the neoadjuvant approach support this rationale: median OS beyond 30 months for patients after neoadjuvant treatment and tumor resection were described in several retrospective data analyses [15‐18].
Therefore, in 1999 we started to plan this multicenter randomized phase II study in patients with locally resectable cancer or probably locally resectable cancer of the pancreatic head with strict imaging eligibility criteria defining vascular involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first RCT for patients with primary and borderline (meanwhile evolved technical term for “probably”) resectable cancer of the pancreatic head comparing primary surgery with neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery, starting with randomization in 2003. Here, we report the full results of this trial, which was not picked up by the majority of the research community at the time the trial was conducted. As a consequence, the trial could not be completed and therefore shows a lack of statistical significance due to the poor recruiting rate. On the other hand, the reporting of negative trials (i.e., a trial with no clear interpretable results) is important to improve future trials.
An extended version of this manuscript including a detailed description of all methods employed in this study is provided as supplementary material.
Patients and methods
Study design and inclusion criteria
Patients with resectable, histology or cytology proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head were randomized between surgery alone (Arm A) and neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery (Arm B; Fig. 1) [19].
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Fig. 1
CONSORT diagram [36]
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Resectability was defined as no organ infiltration except the duodenum and maximal involvement of peripancreatic vessels ≤ 180° confirmed by high resolution CT [20]. All inclusion criteria are completely enlisted in Table S1.
The protocol was reviewed and funded by Deutsche Krebshilfe, approved “Gütesiegel A” by Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft and approved by the ethics committees of the participating institutions. All patients provided written informed consent.
Treatment
Chemoradiation
Chemoradiation and surgery were described in detail in the trial protocol. Briefly patients in Arm B received 300 mg/m2 gemcitabine and 30 mg/m2 cisplatin on days 1, 8, 22, and 29 of radiotherapy. Three-dimensional treatment planning was mandatory for radiotherapy at 1.8 Gy to 55.8 Gy (tumor) or 50.4 Gy [regional lymph nodes, planning target volume (PTV ≤ 800 ml)] [21]. Dosis modifications in case of toxicity of chemotherapy were specified separately for gemcitabine and cisplatin. Criteria for patient withdrawal were also defined. Six weeks after chemoradiation, a restaging CT scan was scheduled.
Surgery
The surgical procedure was divided into the three steps: exploration, tumor resection, and lymph node dissection. At exploration, distant metastases had to be ruled out. Local resectability was assessed and in case of vascular tumor infiltration the decision to resect the tumor with adjacent vessels was completely left to the surgeon and the individual situation.
Adjuvant chemotherapy
In both arms, adjuvant chemotherapy according to the CONKO-001 study protocol was recommended in an amendment from 2005 [9].
Assessment and follow-up
Resection specimens were graded and classified according to the sixth UICC TNM system [22]. Assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy was based on contrast-enhanced restaging CT scans 6 weeks after completion of chemoradiation. RECIST criteria were used to classify response [23].
Acute toxicity and adverse effects were reported using the NCI common toxicity criteria v2.0 and RTOG/EORTC recommendations for classifying late toxic effects of radiotherapy [24, 25]. Perioperative complications were graded by Dindo’s classification [26].
Patients were followed up for at least 36 months at 3-month intervals until 2 years and 6-month intervals thereafter.
End points, sample size, and statistical analysis
The primary endpoint of this trial was overall survival. In 2001, the study was planned in detail and the design was made to detect a change in mOS from 9.15 months in Arm A to 13.48 months in Arm B. A power of 80 % at the two-sided significance level of 5 % was chosen. It was estimated that 127 patients per arm would be required.
The statistical analysis was performed on all randomly assigned patients with pancreatic carcinoma and sufficient data. An intention-to-treat analysis calculated overall survival for all patients from random assignment. The Kaplan–Meier technique was used defining death by any cause as an event for estimating observed survival and the two-sided log-rank test to measure levels of significance. Time to progression was defined as time to first diagnosis of progression or recurrence or death of any cause and was analyzed for all patients. Comparisons between frequencies were performed using the "chi-square" oder "χ²"2 test or, when appropriate, the Fisher’s exact test. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant.
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Results
Patients
Between June 2003 and December 2009, 73 patients were recruited in eight university hospitals and tertiary referral centers in Germany and Switzerland. In December 2009, enrollment was terminated because of the poor recruitment rate. Seven patients (4 Arm A; 3 Arm B) were deemed ineligible because of withdrawal of consent, lack of data, and other tumor entity (Fig. 1). Two patients had metastases at randomization (n = 1 distant lymph nodes, n = 1 liver), both in Arm B. These patients were not excluded, as it reflects real life, where reviewing of initial data at the time of documentation in the case report form sometimes changes first impressions. Due to this low number of patients, the power for the formal statistical analysis was limited. All eligible patients were evaluable for survival. Patients’ characteristics are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Patients’ demographic and baseline characteristics
Characteristics | Variable | Total
n = 66 (%) | Surgery alone
n = 33 (%) | CRT and surgery
n = 33 (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient variables | |||||
Age (years) | Median (range) | 63.9 (33–76) | 65.1 (46–73) | 62.5 (33–76) | 0.62 |
Gender | Male | 35 (53) | 17 (52) | 18 (55) | 0.81 |
Female | 31 (47) | 16 (48) | 15 (45) | ||
KPS | 100 | 13 (20) | 7 (21) | 6 (18) | 0.36 |
90 | 36 (54) | 15 (46) | 21 (64) | ||
80 | 12 (18) | 7 (21) | 5 (15) | ||
70 | 5 (8) | 4 (12) | 1 (3) | ||
Clinical tumor staging | |||||
Clinical T categorya
| cT1 | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 0.79 |
cT2 | 30 (45) | 15 (45) | 15 (45) | ||
cT3 | 33 (50) | 17 (52) | 16 (49) | ||
cT4 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
Clinical N categorya
| cN0 | 52 (79) | 30 (91) | 22 (67) | 0.03 |
cN1 | 14 (21) | 3 (9) | 11 (33) | ||
Clinical M categorya
| cM0 | 64 (97) | 33 (100) | 31 (94) | 0.49 |
cM1 | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | ||
Clinical UICC stagea
| I | 29 (44) | 16 (48) | 13 (39) | 0.31 |
II | 35 (53) | 17 (52) | 18 (55) | ||
III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
IV | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | ||
Procedures before randomization | |||||
Explorative surgery before randomization | Exploratory surgery | 36 (55) | 17 (52) | 19 (58) | 0.62 |
Laparoscopy | 28 (42) | 15 (46) | 13 (39) | ||
Laparotomy | 8 (12) | 2 (6) | 6 (18) | ||
Not done | 30 (45) | 16 (48) | 14 (42) | ||
Biliary stent before randomization | Yes | 57 (86) | 28 (85) | 29 (88) | 1.0 |
No | 9 (14) | 5 (15) | 4 (12) | ||
Treatment
In Arm B, 29 of 33 patients received chemoradiotherapy. A total of 3 patients refused and 1 patient was not fit for chemoradiation, but all 4 patients underwent surgery. All 29 patients who underwent chemoradiation completed radiotherapy and were treated with a median of 55.8 Gy (range 45.0–57.6 Gy). Three patients had changes in chemotherapy on day 29 due to leukopenia. One patient received 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin instead of gemcitabine/cisplatin (local investigator judgment). All other patients received chemotherapy as planned. Toxicity of chemoradiation (Arm B) is shown in Table 2. During chemoradiotherapy and until surgery 15 severe adverse events were reported, mostly cholangitis requiring a change of stent (n = 9). Radiological response on restaging CT scan was rarely seen (n = 4 partial response), whereas most patients had no change (n = 8) or progression (n = 12; missing data n = 5).
Table 2
Acute toxicitya of chemoradiotherapy
Parameter |
N
| Grade | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
0–2 | 3 (%) | 4 (%) | ||
Leukopenia | 29 | 20 | 7 (24) | 2 (7) |
Thrombopenia | 29 | 18 | 10 (35) | 1 (3) |
Anemia | 29 | 27 | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
Nausea/vomiting | 28 | 18 | 10 (36) | – |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | 28 | 28b
| – | – |
Diarrhea | 29 | 28 | 1 (3) | – |
Elevated transaminases | 29 | 23 | 5 (17)c
| 1 (3) |
Elevated bilirubin | 28 | 26 | 1 (4) | 1 (4)d
|
Elevated alkaline phosphatase | 29 | 24 | 5 (17) | – |
Infection | 29 | 24e
| 5 (17)f
| – |
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In the intention-to-treat analysis, in Arm A, 23 of 33 patients had tumor resection and 5 patients had vascular resections to achieve clinical R0 resection. Ten of 33 patients had an explorative laparotomy. In Arm B, 19/33 patients had tumor resection and 4 patients had extended surgery to achieve R0 resection. Ten of 33 patients had an explorative laparotomy. Four patients had no surgery due to progressive disease. Resection rates between the arms were not different (P = 0.31). In Arm B, 3 of 4 patients without chemoradiation had tumor resection; 1 patient had liver metastases at exploration.
Of importance, patients in Arm B did not have elevated rates of high-grade post-operative complications (Table 3).
Table 3
Postoperative complications
Dindo’s grade [36] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (1–5) | 1–2 | 3a/3b | 4a/4b | 5 | ||
Surgery alone (Arm A; n = 33) | 32 | 17 | 9 | 4 | 2 | |
As treated (n = 37) | Resection (n = 26) | 23 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 1 |
Exploration (n = 11) | 9 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | |
CRT and surgery (Arm B; n = 33) | 22 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
As treated (n = 29) | Resection (n = 16) | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Exploration (n = 9) | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
(no surgery n = 4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
Total (n = 66) | 54 | 33 | 15 | 4 | 2 | |
Resection (n = 42) | 37 | 21 | 11 | 4 | 1 | |
Exploration (n = 20) | 17 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1 | |
No surgery (n = 4) | – | – | – | – | ||
One patient died as the result of an intraoperative myocardial infarction after tumor resection (Arm A) and 1 patient died due to sepsis possibly due to cholangitis after explorative laparotomy (Arm A). One patient had insufficiency of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis followed by multiple organ dysfunction (grade 4b, Arm A; none in Arm B). The most severe post-operative complications after chemoradiation were grade 3b (intervention under general anesthesia) due to intraabdominal abscess/fluid retention (n = 4) or insufficiency of the choledochojejunal anastomosis (n = 1).
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In Arm A, 10 of 23 patients had adjuvant chemotherapy and in Arm B 7 of 19 patients.
Outcome
The median follow-up for all living patients was 61 months (range 37–79 months). There were 29 deaths in Arm A and 31 deaths in Arm B. At intention-to-treat analysis mOS between the two arms was not significantly different for all patients irrespective of resection status (Arm A, 14.4 months; Arm B 17.4 months; P = 0.96; Fig. 2a).
Fig. 2
Kaplan–Meier curves (intention to treat analysis) for a overall survival, b time to progression, c overall survival after R0 resection, and d overall survival according to (y)pN status. CRT chemoradiation; O events [a, c
, and d deaths or b progression of disease] observed; N overall number; pNx no tumor resection (d)
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After resection, mOS was 18.9 months (Arm A) versus 25.0 months (Arm B; P = 0.79; intention-to-treat analysis). Time to progression measured 8.7 versus 8.4 months (Arm A versus Arm B; P = 0.95; Fig. 2b).
Pathohistological diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at biopsy was confirmed in 42 of 44 resection specimens. One distal choledochal adenocarcinoma (Arm B) and 1 duodenal adenocarcinoma (Arm A) were excluded from all analyses. R0 resections were achieved in 16 of 33 patients versus 17 of 33 patients (Arm A versus Arm B; P = 0.81), and mOS was 18.9 months (Arm A) versus 25.9 months (Arm B; P = 0.75; Fig. 2c). Nodal status was (y)pN0 in 10 of 33 patients and 13 of 33 patients in Arm A and Arm B, respectively (P = 0.44). (y)pN0-status resulted in significantly longer mOS in Arm A (Fig. 2d). Four patients had pathologically proven distant metastases resected [Arm A n = 2 (lymph node, duodenum); Arm B n = 2 (lymph node)]. Pathological results for resected patients are listed in Table 4.
Table 4
Pathological staging
Characteristic | Variable | Surgery alone (Arm A) | CRT and surgery (Arm B) |
|---|---|---|---|
N = 23 |
N = 19 | ||
Pathological T categorya
| (y)pT1 | 0 | 2 |
(y)pT2 | 2 | 2 | |
(y)pT3 | 20 | 15 | |
(y)pT4 | 1 | 0 | |
Pathological N categorya
| (y)pN0 | 10 | 13 |
(y)pN1 | 13 | 6 | |
Pathological M categorya
| (y)pM0 | 21 | 17 |
(y)pM1 | 2 | 2 | |
Pathological UICC stagea
| (y)pI | 1 | 4 |
(y)pII | 19 | 13 | |
(y)pIII | 1 | 0 | |
(y)pIV | 2 | 2 | |
Grading | G1 | 0 | 0 |
G2 | 11 | 9 | |
G3 | 10 | 8 | |
G4 | 2 | 1 | |
Not specified | 0 | 1 | |
Resection margin | R0 | 16 | 17 |
R1 | 7 | 2 |
Discussion
The planning of this trial was started in 1999 with activation in 2003 before neoadjuvant treatment had become standard for other diseases (e.g., rectal carcinoma) and therefore had to overcome resistance by physicians and patients likewise against the idea of neoadjuvant treatment as such. Additionally, competing adjuvant trials (CONKO-001 [9], ESPAC-3 [11]) resulted in lower participation. Another issue was histological or cytological proof of disease before randomization. To overcome this obstacle to recruitment, the protocol allowed randomization after histological proof during explorative laparotomy. However, to our knowledge this remains the first planned and evaluated multicenter RCT comparing immediate surgery with surgery after neoadjuvant therapy in resectable pancreatic cancer, defined as vascular abutment of less than 180°. But due to low patient numbers this is a negative trial and no clear conclusion can be drawn from underpowered data and whether there is an advantage for one therapy strategy or not.
The following issues of a randomized controlled trial for resectable pancreatic cancer have to be addressed in future trial protocols: working in interdisciplinary teams, predicting resectability, definition of vascular resection aims, definition of criteria for cancelling tumor resection during explorative laparotomy, and adjuvant chemotherapy. One of the main problems remains how to predict resectable tumor stage at diagnosis as 20 % of tumors without contact to the peripancreatic vessels at diagnosis were not resected with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiation (data not shown). Clearly, the new definition of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is helpful, but has to be evaluated in future trials. A further point of discussion is the different judgment between centers with reference to cancelling surgery, as only one center abandoned resection of the tumor after detection of distant lymph node metastasis (2 patients) or did not proceed to surgery when progression (locally, distant, clinically) at restaging after chemoradiation was seen (data not shown).
The initially mandatory laparoscopy was reclassified as optional due to objections of potential trial participants in a 2004amendment. Altogether, surgical staging was conducted only in 54 % of all patients and should be considered in further trials on preoperative treatment strategies [15].
The closest possible comparison of this trial is with adjuvant treatment, especially with the CONKO-001 trial conducted in the same population and with an observation arm [9, 27]. However, the fundamental difference between the reported trial here and adjuvant treatment is that the latter only includes patients after resection and pathological staging, whereas in this study 24 of 68 patients (35 %) had reasons preventing curative resection despite the suggested resectability at staging. Median overall survival in the CONKO-001 trial was 20.2 and 22.1 months (control versus adjuvant gemcitabine, P = 0.06). This compares well with the mOS of patients with resections in this trial (18 and 25 months; Arm A versus Arm B). In CONKO-001, resection margin status was a negative prognostic marker in the observation arm (mOS 20.8 and 14.1 months R0 versus R1). Recent reports about the lack of prognostic significance of margins might be related to frequent underreporting of R1 status because series with high R1 resection rates correlated with the highest prognostic value of margin status. Therefore, higher R0 resection rates after neoadjuvant treatment are expected to have an impact on survival [17, 18, 28‐30].
Neoadjuvant treatment did not show an effect in this strongly underpowered trial due to underrecruitment, but on the other hand was a suitable instrument for selecting patients for surgery. Patients with initially unknown distant metastases might be unmasked by preoperative therapy and hence spared from surgery [16]. In this trial, all patients with neoadjuvant treatment survived at least 3 months, whereas after primary surgery 3 of 34 patients died within this timeframe. Additionally, less severe complications were seen after chemoradiation therapy, probably due to induction of fibrosis, which improves the suitability of pancreatic tissue for anastomosis. A recent meta-analysis also found similar perioperative morbidity with and without neoadjuvant treatment [18].
Toxicity of chemoradiotherapy was well manageable in this trial. The well-known risk of biliary stent dysfunction was managed by prompt stent replacement, but was the most frequent reason for severe adverse events. Hematologic toxicity of gemcitabine-based CRT is directly related to radiotherapy volume and, therefore, volumes were strictly limited [31‐33]. Additionally, consequent supportive therapy may explain the improved tolerability of treatment in this trial compared to others avoiding loss of weight which was described to be a negative prognostic factor after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy [34]. The patients in this trial were treated with 3D-conformal plans which have recently been shown to be equally effective and not significantly more toxic as IMRT plans in the neoadjuvant setting [35].
Furthermore, predicting resectability based on CT scans was difficult. Thus, the CONKO-007 (NCT01827553) trial will study the role of chemoradiation in borderline resectable and nonresectable pancreatic cancer. A panel of highly experienced surgeons will review all CT scans before registering to the trial and at restaging and give their statement about resectability. With the experience of such a trial, the criteria of R0 resectability will be evaluated and adjusted. Then after knowing the significance of chemoradiation for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, the next step might be a phase II trial testing the R0 resectability with neoadjuvant therapy.
Conclusion
Presented in this article are the results of a RCT implicating the strategy of multimodal therapy for (borderline) resectable pancreatic cancer which was visionary at the time of planning and conduction of the trial; it was nearly 15 years ahead of its time before this approach was again implemented into prospective trials in Europe. In the meantime, the conditions for conducting interdisciplinary trials have improved much due to governmental regulations and nationwide implementation of certified cancer centers with interdisciplinary tumor boards. The improvement of interdisciplinary study structures and the lack of better therapies evolving in the meantime led to boycotting this trial to copying the treatment strategy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation with starting a nearly identical study protocol in August 2013 (NCT01900327). Prediction of resectability preoperatively is still an unresolved problem and the long-term results of treatment for pancreatic cancer are still frustrating even after complete tumor resection. Thus, at the moment we do not have a better choice but to investigate new treatment strategies suitable for as many patients with pancreatic cancer as possible.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the patients who participated in this study. We thank all of the investigators who participated in this study: N. Christen, S. Kißenkötter, H. Lauer, V. Lück, Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden; B. Adamietz, A. Agaimy, U. Baum, R. Croner, A. Dimmler, M. Geiger, S. Herold, R. Janka, A. Kergaßner, P. Klein, S. Krüger, M. Lindenberg, W. Melzner, T. Papadopoulos, J. Pelz, A. Schlabrakowski, U. von Linden, C. Weiß, M. Zeilinger, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen; C. Gog, D. Imhoff, C. Wullstein, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main; H. Bockhorn, A. Hildebrand, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt/Main; J. Behrbohm, K. Gumpp, J. Hauss, A. Liebmann, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig; H. J. Schlitt, C. Zühlke, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg; T. Horbach, Krankenhaus Schwabach, Schwabach; S. Bischofberger, P. Folie, D. Hausmann, D. Köberle, J. Lange, C. Meyenberger, I. Neuweiler, G. Ries, M. Zünd, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen.
Funding
This work was supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe (70–3046-Ho 2 to W.H.) and Verein zur Förderung des Tumorzentrums der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg e. V.
Compliance with ethical guidelines
Conflict of interest
R. Fietkau received honoraria from Eli Lilly and Company ("Lilly"), Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. H. Golcher, T.B. Brunner, H. Witzigmann, L. Marti, W.-O. Bechstein, C. Bruns, H. Jungnickel, S. Schreiber, G.G. Grabenbauer, T. Meyer, S. Merkel, and W. Hohenberger state that there are no conflicts of interest.
The study has been presented in part during the following meetings by oral presentation (op) or discussed poster (dp):
World Congress GI-Cancer 2012, Barcelona (dp); Annual Meeting ESTRO 2012, Barcelona (op); 21. Chirurgisches Friedrichstädter Symposion May 2012, Dresden (op); Deutscher Chirurgenkongress 2012, Berlin (op); Deutscher Krebskongress 2012, Berlin (dp); Viszeralmedizin 2011, Leipzig (op); Viszeralmedizin 2010, Stuttgart (op).
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.