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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 4/2004

01.04.2004 | Intensivmedizin

Das Stewart-Modell

„Moderner“ Ansatz zur Interpretation des Säure-Basen-Haushalts

verfasst von: Dr. M. Rehm, P. F. Conzen, K. Peter, U. Finsterer

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 4/2004

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Zusammenfassung

Bereits vor rund 20 Jahren veröffentlichte Peter Stewart seine Abhandlung über eine moderne quantitative Analytik des Säure-Basen-Haushalts [88, 89]. Folgt man seinen Interpretationen, so wird die traditionelle Lehre vom Säure-Basen-Haushalt erheblich in Frage gestellt. Das wichtigste physikochemische Prinzip, das in Körperflüssigkeiten immer erfüllt sein muß, ist das Prinzip der Elektroneutralität.
Es existieren dabei 3 verschiedene Komponenten in biologischen Flüssigkeiten, die diesem Prinzip unterliegen:
a)
Wasser, das nur in geringen Teilen in H+ und OH dissoziiert vorliegt,
b)
„starke“, d. h. vollständig dissoziierte und damit chemisch nicht mit anderen Substanzen reagierende, Elektrolyte und körpereigene Substanzen, wie Laktat und
c)
„schwache“, d. h. unvollständig dissoziierte, Substanzen.
Peter Stewart unterschied nun strikt zwischen abhängigen und unabhängigen Variablen und beschrieb damit tatsächlich eine neue Ordnung des Säure-Basen-Haushalts. Die 3 abhängigen Variablen (die Bikarbonatkonzentration [Bic], der pH und damit auch die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration [H+]) sind den unabhängigen Variablen vollständig untergeordnet, können sich also nur verändern, wenn die 3 unabhängigen Variablen dies zulassen. Zu den unabhängigen Variablen zählen:
1.
der Kohlendioxidpartialdruck,
 
2.
die Gesamtkonzentration aller schwachen Säuren ([A] (Stewart nannte diese ATOT) und
 
3.
die Differenz der starken Ionen (SID).
 
[A] erschließt sich aus der Albumin (Alb)- und der Phosphatkonzentration (Pi): [A]=[Alb×(0,123×pH−0,631)]+[Pi×(0,309×pH−0,469)].
Mit Hilfe der messbaren Ionenkonzentrationen lässt sich eine apparente SID (oder „Bedside-SID“) berechnen: SID=[Na+]+[K+]−[Cl]−Laktat.
Betrachtet man die metabolischen Störungen des Säure-Basen-Haushalts, so sind nach der Terminologie von Stewart Veränderungen von pH, [H+] und [Bic] nur möglich, wenn sich entweder die SID oder [A] verändert. Nimmt z. B. die SID ab (etwa im Rahmen einer Hyperchloridämie), so bewirkt dieser Zuwachs an unabhängigen negativen Ladungen eine Abnahme der abhängigen negativen Ladungen in Form von [Bic] mit dem entsprechenden Resultat einer Acidose (und vice versa). Damit wird aber beispielhaft bei der hyperchlorämen Acidose, die durch den Chloridanstieg bedingte Abnahme der SID als Ursache der Acidose identifiziert. Umgekehrt resultiert z. B. aus einer Abnahme von [A] (etwa im Rahmen einer Hypoalbuminämie) ein Anstieg von [Bic] und damit eine Alkalose (ebenfalls vice versa). Mit Hilfe dieser Analytik können also völlig neue Säure-Basen-Störungen, wie etwa die „hyperchloräme Acidose“ oder die „hypoalbuminäme Alkalose“ (die natürlich auch kombiniert vorliegen können), diagnostiziert werden, die der klassischen Säure-Basen-Analytik verschlossen waren. Damit kann diese Analytik zu einem vertieften Verständnis der Mechanismen, denen der Säure-Basen-Haushalt unterliegt, führen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Das Stewart-Modell
„Moderner“ Ansatz zur Interpretation des Säure-Basen-Haushalts
verfasst von
Dr. M. Rehm
P. F. Conzen
K. Peter
U. Finsterer
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2004
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 4/2004
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-004-0660-x

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