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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 4/2004

01.04.2004 | Weiterbildung · Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen

verfasst von: Dr. C. C. Apfel, N. Roewer

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 4/2004

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Zusammenfassung

Zahlreiche pathophysiologische Mechanismen für Übelkeit und Erbrechen sind tierexperimentell belegt, ihre Bedeutung für postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen (PONV) ist aber noch unklar. Volatile Anästhetika, Lachgas und Opioide sind wohl die wichtigsten Ursachen. Hinzu kommen weibliches Geschlecht, Nichtraucherstatus und positive Anamnese als relevante Risikofaktoren, mit denen sich anhand eines validierten Risikoscores das PONV-Risiko einschätzen lässt, das eine rationale Grundlage für eine risikoadaptierte, individuelle Prophylaxe bietet.
Eine Prophylaxe ist bei niedrigem Risiko nicht gerechtfertigt, bei einem sehr hohen Risiko kann jedoch sogar ein multimodaler Ansatz geboten sein. So reicht eine total intravenöse Anästhesie (TIVA) bei sehr hohem Risiko allein nicht aus. Eine TIVA senkt die PONV-Inzidenz um ca. 30%. Dieses entspricht der Effektivität von Antiemetika wie Serotoninantagonisten, Dexamethason oder auch Droperidol. Hingegen ist Metoclopramid auch in höheren Dosierungen ineffektiv. Nach der europäischen Multicenterstudie „IMPACT“ kann eine Prophylaxe bei niedrigem Risiko nicht effektiv sein. Bei mittlerem Risiko kann eine TIVA oder ein Antiemetikum empfohlen werden. Patienten mit einem (sehr) hohen Risiko sollten eine 2–3fache Prophylaxe erhalten.
Zur Therapie von PONV sollten Antiemetika eingesetzt werden, die noch nicht zuvor als Prophylaxe verabreicht wurden. Hierbei scheinen geringere Dosierungen als zur Prophylaxe ausreichend.
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Metadaten
Titel
Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen
verfasst von
Dr. C. C. Apfel
N. Roewer
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2004
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 4/2004
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-004-0662-8

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