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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 2/2015

01.02.2015 | CME Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Akutversorgung des Patienten mit schwerem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma

verfasst von: Dr. T.A. Juratli, S.E. Stephan, A.E. Stephan, S.B. Sobottka

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 2/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist weltweit eine der führenden Ursachen für Tod und bleibende neurologische Schäden. Dabei haben die sekundären Hirnschädigungen einen wesentlichen Anteil an der erhöhten Morbidität und Letalität der Patienten.

Methode

Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf aktuellen evidenzbasierten Konzepten der präklinischen Behandlung von Patienten mit schwerem SHT mit dem Ziel, sekundäre Hirnschäden zu verhindern bzw. zu minimieren.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Besondere Bedeutung hat die Vermeidung bzw. Behandlung von Hypoxie, Hypotonie und Hyperkapnie. Die Indikation zur präklinischen Intubation sollte kritisch und im Rahmen einer Einzelfallentscheidung gestellt werden. Da grundsätzlich von einer schwierigen Intubation auszugehen ist, muss ein alternatives Verfahren zur Atemwegssicherung vorhanden sein. Bei hämodynamischer Instabilität eignet sich die Kombination von Ketamin und Benzodiazepinen zur Narkoseeinleitung. Zur neuromuskulären Blockade wird entweder ein schnell wirksames nichtdepolarisierendes Muskelrelaxans oder Succinylcholin verwendet. Bei erhöhtem intrakraniellem Druck („intracranial pressure“, ICP) ist eine Osmotherapie mit Mannitol oder hypertoner Kochsalzlösung indiziert. Wann immer möglich sollte ein überregionales Traumazentrum bevorzugt werden. Die bei isoliertem SHT häufig auftretenden Gerinnungsstörungen sollten durch eine „Point-of-care“-Diagnostik zügig erkannt und therapiert werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Die präklinisch begonnene konsequente Therapie von Hypoxie, Hyperkapnie und Hypotonie ist für die neurologische Prognose des SHT Patienten von elementarer Bedeutung. Die Indikation zur Intubation sollte anhand einer Einzelfallentscheidung gestellt werden. Als Zielklinik sollte ein überregionales Traumazentrum gewählt werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Akutversorgung des Patienten mit schwerem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
verfasst von
Dr. T.A. Juratli
S.E. Stephan
A.E. Stephan
S.B. Sobottka
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-014-2337-4

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