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Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie 8/2018

29.06.2018 | Allgemeinanästhesie | Originalien

„Rapid sequence induction and intubation“ beim aspirationsgefährdeten Patienten

Handlungsempfehlungen für das praktische anästhesiologische Management

verfasst von: C. Eichelsbacher, H. Ilper, R. Noppens, J. Hinkelbein, Prof. Dr. med. T. Loop

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 8/2018

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Zusammenfassung

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Abweichung von der Standard-Anästhesieeinleitung bei aspirationsgefährdeten Patienten führt potenziell zu einem Anstieg des Risikos für Komplikationen. Da aktuell keine evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zu dieser Thematik existiert, finden unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen für die sogenannte RSI („rapid rapid sequence sequence induction“) Verwendung. Ziel der vorliegenden systematischen Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die derzeitige Evidenz zusammenzufassen und eine Entscheidungsgrundlage für ein praktisches Management darzustellen.

Material und Methoden

Mehrstufige RAND-Delphi-Methode aus systematischer Literaturrecherche, individueller Einschätzung und Bewertung, Konsensuskonferenzen und finaler Reihung.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Die Berücksichtigung aller praktischen, innerklinischen Maßnahmen beim aspirationsgefährdeten Patienten stellt eine wirksame Prävention pulmonaler Aspirationen während der Anästhesieeinleitung dar. Dazu gehören die optimale medikamentöse Vorbehandlung, mit Antazida bei stark aspirationsgefährdeten und Protonenpumpenhemmer oder H2-Blocker. Jeder Patient soll vor einer RSI entsprechend untersucht und aufgeklärt werden. Eine RSI soll nur durchgeführt werden, wenn keine 2 h Flüssigkeits- und keine 6 h Nahrungskarenz eingehalten worden sind, der Patient unter akutem Erbrechen, einem Subileus oder Ileus leidet, fehlende Schutzreflexe oder eine Magen-Darm-Passagestörung besitzt. Desweiteren sollte eine RSI bei jeder Schwangeren ab dem 3. Trimenon und unter der Geburt durchgeführt werden. Die genaue Absprache und Kompetenz der ärztlichen Kollegen vor und während der RSII über die jeweilige Aufgabenverteilung minimiert ebenso das Risiko der Aspiration, wie die adäquate apparative Ausstattung, sowie eine optimierte Oberkörperhochlagerung des Patienten. Eine konsequente Präoxygenierung mit einer FIO2 von 1,0 und einem Sauerstofflow > 10 l/min über eine komplett abdichtende Beatmungsmaske mit Kapnographie sollte 3–5 min betragen. Ein schnelles Erreichen einer tiefen Anästhesie und Muskelrelaxation, um Husten und Würgen zu vermeiden, ist durch eine Kombination von Opioid, Hypnotikum und Muskelrelaxanz zu erreichen. Neben dem Opioid der Wahl können als Hypnotikum Propofol, Thiopental, Etomidate und Ketamin und als Muskelrelaxans soll Rocuronium mit der Verfügbarkeit von Sugammadex verwendet werden. Bei fehlenden Kontraindikationen kann auch Succinylcholin als Muskelrelaxans verwendet werden. Statt einer RSII soll beim erwartet schwierigen Atemweg eine wach fiberoptische Intubation erfolgen, bei einem unerwartet schwierigem Atemweg sollte eine supraglottische Atemwegshilfe der 2. Generation verwendet werden. Bei einer Regurgitation oder Aspiration soll je nach Schweregrad eine intensivmedizinische Überwachung und eine fiberoptische Bronchoskopie durchgeführt werden und bei Beschwerden ein Röntgenthoraxbild oder eine CT durchgeführt werden. Drei Faktoren reduzieren das Risiko einer Aspiration: Erfahrung, Unterstützung durch einen erfahrenen Anästhesisten und Überwachung eines unerfahrenen Anästhesisten.
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Metadaten
Titel
„Rapid sequence induction and intubation“ beim aspirationsgefährdeten Patienten
Handlungsempfehlungen für das praktische anästhesiologische Management
verfasst von
C. Eichelsbacher
H. Ilper
R. Noppens
J. Hinkelbein
Prof. Dr. med. T. Loop
Publikationsdatum
29.06.2018

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