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Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie 10/2018

05.10.2018 | Atemwegsmanagement | Leitthema

Management des schwierigen Atemwegs

Übersicht über die aktuellen Leitlinien

verfasst von: Dr. med. J. C. Schäuble, T. Heidegger

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2018

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Zusammenfassung

Die aktuellen Atemwegsleitlinien empfehlen im Fall von erwarteten und unerwarteten Atemwegsproblemen ein algorithmusbasiertes Vorgehen. Der Schwerpunkt der Handlungsempfehlungen liegt nicht länger auf „tools and devices“, sondern zunehmend auf guter Planung, Vorbereitung und Kommunikation. Beim erwartet schwierigen Atemweg soll der Atemweg im „Wachzustand“ unter Erhalt der Spontanatmung gesichert werden. Die Intubation mittels flexibler Intubationsendoskopie („Fiberoptik“) ist dabei die Methode der Wahl. Die Aufrechterhaltung der Oxygenation hat oberste Priorität. Beim unerwartet schwierigen Atemweg kommen neben der Maskenbeatmung supraglottische Atemwegshilfen zum Einsatz. Die frühzeitige Gabe von Muskelrelaxanzien kann zur Optimierung der Maskenbeatmung beitragen. Einige Leitlinien empfehlen zur Reduktion des Zeitdrucks bei Entscheidungsprozessen apnoische Oxygenationstechniken, und bei respiratorischen Hochrisikopatienten im nichtnüchternen Zustand den Einsatz einer vorsichtigen Maskenbeatmung. Bei Intubationsproblemen soll frühzeitig ein Einsatz der Videolaryngoskopie erfolgen. Die Frage nach der optimalen Technik zur transtrachealen Oxygenierung ist derzeit nicht abschließend geklärt. Ist eine Rückkehr zur Spontanatmung nicht rechtzeitig zu gewährleisten, muss der Atemwegsalgorithmus bei nichtbeherrschbaren Oxygenationsproblemen – ohne Zeitverlust durch Verharren auf erfolglosen Maßnahmen – konsequent abgearbeitet werden („Vorwärtsstrategie“). Wichtiger als die Frage, welcher Algorithmus zur Anwendung kommt, ist, dass jede Anästhesieabteilung über einen solchen verfügt und ihn anwendet. Er soll sich an lokalen Gegebenheiten und Präferenzen orientieren, möglichst einfach aufgebaut und die Anzahl der Hilfsmittel limitiert sein. Der Ausbildung im Atemwegsmanagement sowie dem kontinuierlichen Training werden ein hoher Stellenwert beigemessen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Management des schwierigen Atemwegs
Übersicht über die aktuellen Leitlinien
verfasst von
Dr. med. J. C. Schäuble
T. Heidegger
Publikationsdatum
05.10.2018
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2018
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-018-0492-8

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