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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 1/2019

15.01.2019 | Opioide | Leitthema

Hintergrund und aktueller Einsatz von Adjuvanzien für die Regionalanästhesie

Aus der Forschung in die evidenzbasierte Patientenversorgung

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. M. Schäfer, S. A. Mousa, M. Shaqura, S. Tafelski

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 1/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Die Entdeckung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung durch Blockade der Natriumionenkanäle war ein Meilenstein in der Anästhesie, die jedoch schon bald ihre Limitierung durch z. T. lebensbedrohliche toxische Wirkungen der Lokalanästhetika (LA) erfuhr. Durch Entwicklung neuartiger LA, aber auch durch Hinzunahme sog. Adjuvanzien wurde versucht, diese lebensbedrohlichen Wirkungen einzuschränken. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zum Ziel, Hintergrund und aktuellen Stand der Anwendung dieser Adjuvanzien zur Regionalanästhesie zu betrachten. Durch Zusatz von Adrenalin, Clonidin oder Dexmedetomidin – jedoch nur als einmalige Gabe – kommt es zu einer schnelleren Anschlagzeit, einer längeren Wirkdauer und einer intensiveren neuronalen Blockade der Regionalanästhesie. Die Vorteile einer zusätzlichen Gabe von Natriumbikarbonat sind dagegen relativ gering und klinisch eher vernachlässigbar. Obwohl in der Literatur Belege für eine Verbesserung und Verlängerung der analgetischen Wirkung nach axonaler Gabe von Opioiden gefunden werden, sind zentrale Nebenwirkungen und eine systemische Wirkung nicht sicher ausgeschlossen. Die z. T. vorkommenden lokalanästhetischen Wirkungen der Opioide sind nicht immer klar abgrenzbar von den opioidrezeptorspezifischen Wirkungen. Mechanistische Untersuchungen postulieren eine funktionelle Kopplung von Opioidrezeptoren eher nach Störungen der axonalen Integrität des Nerven, nicht jedoch im intakten peripheren Nerv. Neuere Untersuchungen identifizieren Glukokortikoid- und Mineralokortikoidrezeptoren bevorzugt auf peripheren schmerzleitenden Nervenfasern. Dies geht einher mit zahlreichen klinischen Berichten einer deutlichen Verlängerung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung. Neben bekannten genomischen Effekten, die sich über eine Änderung der Genexpression schmerzunterhaltender Proteinstrukturen ergeben, werden auch immer mehr schnell einsetzende, nichtgenomische Wirkungen der Steroide diskutiert, denen eine Veränderung intrazellulärer Signalwege zugrunde liegt. Zusammenfassend stehen dem Anästhesisten neue Erkenntnisse und Ergebnisse klinischer Studien zur Adjuvanzienapplikation im Rahmen der Regionalanästhesie zur Verfügung, die in der Bewertung ihres möglichen Einsatzes zur Schmerztherapie eines jeden individuellen Patienten Berücksichtigung finden sollten.
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Metadaten
Titel
Hintergrund und aktueller Einsatz von Adjuvanzien für die Regionalanästhesie
Aus der Forschung in die evidenzbasierte Patientenversorgung
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. M. Schäfer
S. A. Mousa
M. Shaqura
S. Tafelski
Publikationsdatum
15.01.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwörter
Opioide
Opioide
Clonidin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-018-0522-6

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