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Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie 9/2020

15.04.2020 | Hypotonie | Leitthema

Perioperatives Blutdruckmanagement

Was ist der optimale Druck?

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. M. Welte, Prof. Dr. B. Saugel, EDIC, Prof. Dr. D. A. Reuter

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 9/2020

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Messung des Blutdrucks gehört neben den anderen Vitalparametern zum Standard-Monitoring in der Anästhesiologie. In den letzten Jahren rückte die Relevanz der Dauer und Ausprägung perioperativer hypotensiver Episoden für das Auftreten postoperativer Komplikationen oder gar erhöhter Sterblichkeit in den Fokus wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen.

Fragestellung

Ziele dieser Übersicht sind es, physiologische Aspekte des Blutdrucks zu wiederholen sowie die Pathophysiologie und die Risikofaktoren der perioperativen Hypotonie darzustellen. Es soll aufgezeigt werden, welche potenziellen Organschäden durch Hypotonie verursacht werden können und welche perioperativen Blutdruckwerte ohne Gefährdung des Patienten akzeptabel sind.

Material und Methode

Recherche und Bewertung der aktuellen Literatur.

Ergebnisse

Eine perioperative Hypotonie wird anhand absoluter systolischer („systolic arterial pressure“, SAP) oder mittlerer Blutdruckwerte („mean arterial pressure“, MAP) sowie relativer Blutdruckabfälle in Bezug zum individuellen präoperativen Ausgangswert definiert. Für die Festlegung absoluter bzw. relativer Grenzwerte gilt zu beachten, dass das übergeordnete Ziel ein adäquater Perfusionsdruck und nicht der MAP an sich ist, und dass die Blutdruckwerte direkt vor der Narkoseeinleitung nicht das normale Blutdruckprofil des Patienten widerspiegeln. Prädisponierend für intraoperative Blutdruckabfälle sind höheres Alter, höherer ASA-Status, niedrige Blutdruckwerte vor der Narkoseeinleitung, die Vormedikation, das Narkoseverfahren und Notfalleingriffe. Die niedrigsten intraoperativ tolerablen Blutdruckwerte sollten am präoperativen Blutdruck- und am Risikoprofil des Patienten ausgerichtet sowie hinsichtlich Grad- und Dauer der Hypotonie individuell definiert werden – vereinfachend werden empirisch häufig ein MAP-Wert <65 mm Hg oder ein MAP-Abfall >20–30 % herangezogen. Bei Unterschreiten kritischer Blutdruckgrenzwerte steigt mit zunehmender Dauer der Hypotonie das Risiko postoperativer Organschädigungen (Myokard, Nieren und Zentralnervensystem) sowie der Sterblichkeit. Ältere Menschen und Hochrisikopatienten (z. B. Patienten der Gefäßchirurgie) tolerieren niedrige Blutdruckwerte schlechter und kürzer. Durch die Aufrechterhaltung eines adäquaten intraoperativen Blutdrucks können postoperative Organkomplikationen vermindert werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Es liegt in der Hand von Anästhesiologen, ausgeprägte und lang andauernde Blutdruckabfälle durch rechtzeitige Interventionen zu verhindern und damit das postoperative Outcome der Patienten zu verbessern.
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Metadaten
Titel
Perioperatives Blutdruckmanagement
Was ist der optimale Druck?
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. M. Welte
Prof. Dr. B. Saugel, EDIC
Prof. Dr. D. A. Reuter
Publikationsdatum
15.04.2020
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwörter
Hypotonie
Hypotonie
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 9/2020
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-020-00767-w

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