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HPV und Neoplasien der Haut

HPV and skin neoplasia

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Zusammenfassung

Humane Papillomviren (HPV) induzieren benigne und maligne Tumoren der Haut und Schleimhaut. Nichtmelanozytärer Hautkrebs (NMHK) ist der häufigste Krebs hellhäutiger Menschen, besonders häufig in Ländern mit starker Sonnenexposition und bei immunsupprimierten Patienten. Die hohe Prävalenz von β-HPV in Hauttumoren weckte Interesse an einer möglichen ätiologischen Rolle der Viren. Im Gegensatz zum Gebärmutterhalskrebs ist HPV wahrscheinlich nicht notwendig für die Aufrechterhaltung des malignen Phänotyps von Hautkrebszellen, da die HPV-DNA in den Tumoren nur in sehr geringer Kopienzahl persistiert. Höhere Viruslasten in aktinischen Keratosen sind vereinbar mit einer karzinogenen Rolle kutaner HPV in frühen Phasen der NMHK-Entwicklung. Fall-Kontroll-Studien erbrachten Hinweise auf ein erhöhtes Risiko für Plattenepithelkarzinome der Haut bei β-HPV-Infektionen. HPV8 ist in transgenen Mäusen eindeutig karzinogen. Das onkogene Potenzial der β-HPV wurde der Inhibition der Apoptose durch virale E6-Proteine und der Interferenz mit DNA-Reparaturmechanismen der Zelle zugeschrieben. E7-Proteine deregulieren darüber hinaus den Zellzyklus und fördern invasives Wachstum.

Abstract

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) induce benign and malignant tumors of skin and mucosa. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent malignancy in fair-skinned populations, particularly frequent in countries with high sun exposure and in immunosuppressed patients. The high prevalence of Beta-HPV in skin tumors renewed interest in a possible etiologic role of HPV. In contrast to cervical cancer, the presence of HPV is probably not mandatory for maintenance of the malignant phenotype of skin cancer cells, since only low copy numbers of HPV DNA persist in skin cancers. Higher viral loads in actinic keratoses are compatible with a carcinogenic role of cutaneous HPV in early phases of NMSC development. There is some evidence from case-control studies for an increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma related to beta-HPV infection. HPV8 is clearly carcinogenic in transgenic mice. At the molecular level, oncogenic activities of beta-HPV have been attributed to effective inhibition of apoptosis and interference with DNA repair pathways by viral E6 proteins. In addition E7 proteins deregulate the cell cycle and enhance invasive growth.

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  1. Institut für Virologie, Fürst-Pückler-Straße 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland

    H. Pfister

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  1. H. Pfister
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Pfister, H. HPV und Neoplasien der Haut. Hautarzt 59, 26–30 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-007-1442-6

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