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Erschienen in: Die Unfallchirurgie 3/2011

01.03.2011 | Leitthema

Nekrotisierende Fasziitis

Update 2011

verfasst von: M. Herr, B. Grabein, H.-G. Palm, K. Efinger, H.-J. Riesner, B. Friemert, Prof. Dr. C. Willy, Oberfeldarzt

Erschienen in: Die Unfallchirurgie | Ausgabe 3/2011

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Zusammenfassung

Die nekrotisierende Fasziitis gehört zu den komplizierten Weichgewebeinfektionen mit potentieller Lebensbedrohung. Trotz zunehmendem Erkenntnisgewinn in Bezug auf Ätiologie, Risikofaktoren und Pathophysiologie ist die Letalität mit ca. 20% hoch. Eine relevante Reduktion wird nur bei früher Diagnosestellung und konsequenter Therapie verzeichnet. Klinische Symptome sind in >75% der Patienten der disproportionale Schmerz, Schwellung, Ödem und Spannungsgefühl, Bläschenbildung und Rötung. Notwendig ist eine frühe Unterscheidung in eine nekrotisierende oder eine nichtnekrotisierende Weichgewebeinfektion. Bei unklarer Situation muss die chirurgische Exploration durchgeführt werden. Das pathologische Charakteristikum ist die verflüssigende Nekrose der Faszie, eine Vaskulitis und Thrombosen der lokalen Gefäße, die Ansammlung der verursachenden Mikroorganismen sowie mononukleärer Zellen und polymorphkerniger neutrophiler Granulozyten im Fasziengewebe. Sekundär können die Kutis sowie die Muskulatur befallen sein. In vielen Fällen besteht zwischen der Ausprägung systemischer und lokaler Symptome keine Beziehung. Es werden v. a. zwei Hauptformen unterschieden: die polymikrobielle Mischinfektion Typ I und die invasiver und in der Regel fulminanter verlaufende monomikrobielle Infektion Typ II (meist durch β-hämolysierende Streptokokken der Gruppe A).
Invasive, schwer verlaufende Streptokokkenerkrankungen scheinen in ihrer Häufigkeit zuzunehmen. Die Behandlung muss multimodal erfolgen und interdisziplinär ausgerichtet sein. Ihre Säulen sind das frühzeitige radikale Débridement, die breit angelegte, systemische Antibiotikatherapie und die Intensivtherapie, ggf. kombiniert mit einer Immunglobulin- (bei Strepto- oder Staphylokokkeninfektion) oder hyperbaren Sauerstofftherapie (HBO; bei Clostridienmischinfektion). Für die lokale Wundbehandlung der teilweise ausgedehnten Weichteildefekte bewährte sich die Vakuumversiegelung.
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Metadaten
Titel
Nekrotisierende Fasziitis
Update 2011
verfasst von
M. Herr
B. Grabein
H.-G. Palm
K. Efinger
H.-J. Riesner
B. Friemert
Prof. Dr. C. Willy, Oberfeldarzt
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Unfallchirurgie / Ausgabe 3/2011
Print ISSN: 2731-7021
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-703X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-010-1893-6

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