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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 3/2007

01.03.2007 | Übersichten

Immunologische Aspekte bei schizophrenen Störungen

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. N. Müller, M. J. Schwarz

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 3/2007

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Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit immunvermittelte Mechanismen eines entzündlichen Geschehens zur Pathogenese der Schizophrenie beitragen können. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das psychoneuroimmunologische Befunde mit aktuellen Ergebnissen aus pharmakologischen, neurochemischen und genetischen Studien bei Schizophrenie zusammenführt. Eine zentrale Rolle in der Neurobiologie der Schizophrenie spielt die dopaminerge Neurotransmission, die durch Einflüsse des Glutamatsystems entscheidend moduliert wird. Die bei Schizophrenie beschriebene Hypofunktion des Glutamatsystems ist funktionell vor allem durch einen NMDA-Rezeptor-Antagonismus vermittelt. Kynureninsäure ist der einzige bisher nachgewiesene endogene NMDA-Rezeptor-Antagonist. Zusätzlich blockiert Kynureninsäure bereits in geringeren Konzentrationen den nikotinergen Acetylcholinrezeptor, der für kognitive Funktionen eine wichtige Bedeutung hat. Ein Anstieg des Kynureninsäurespiegels kann neurobiologisch also sowohl psychotische Symptome als auch kognitive Einschränkungen erklären. Eine Reihe von Befunden legen nahe, dass eine (pränatale) Infektion, verbunden mit einem frühen Sensibilisierungsprozess des Immunsystems, in einem Ungleichgewicht der Immunantwort (Typ-1- vs. Typ-2-Immunantwort) resultiert. Diese Immunkonstellation führt zur Hemmung des Enzyms Indoleamin-Dioxygenase, das den Abbau von Tryptophan zu Kynurenin reguliert. Diese Immunkonstellation spiegelt sich im ZNS vor allem im Aktivierungsstatus von Mikroglia und Astrozyten wider. Die bei Schizophrenen bestehende Astrozytenaktivierung führt vermutlich zu einer weiteren Akkumulation von Kynureninsäure, die dann nicht weiter abgebaut werden kann. Deshalb kann Kynureninsäure im ZNS Schizophrener akkumulieren und als NMDA-Antagonist kognitive Einbußen und schließlich psychotische Symptome hervorrufen. Dieses Modell kann erklären, auf welchem Weg die immunmediierte glutamaterg-dopaminerge Dysregulation zu den klinischen Symptomen der Schizophrenie führen kann. Therapeutische Konsequenzen (z. B. Cyclooxygenase-II-Inhibitoren) werden diskutiert.
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Metadaten
Titel
Immunologische Aspekte bei schizophrenen Störungen
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. N. Müller
M. J. Schwarz
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2007
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-006-2108-9

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