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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 4/2015

01.04.2015 | Leitthema

Schluckstörungen im Alter

Physiologie und Pathophysiologie

verfasst von: P. Muhle, R. Wirth, J. Glahn, R. Dziewas

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 4/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Altersabhängig auftretende Veränderungen des Schluckaktes werden unter dem Begriff der Presbyphagie zusammengefasst. Die primäre Presbyphagie bezeichnet dabei Modifikationen des Schluckaktes, die auf nichtkrankhaften altersphysiologischen Prozessen beruhen. Der primären Presbyphagie kommt kein Krankheitswert zu, sie vermindert allerdings die Kompensationsreserven des Schluckaktes. Unter der sekundären Presbyphagie werden Schluckstörungen verstanden, die sich im höheren Alter krankheitsbedingt, z. B. in Folge eines Schlaganfalls oder einer neurodegenerativen Erkrankung, manifestieren. Altersphysiologische Prozesse haben Auswirkungen auf sämtliche Phasen des Schluckaktes. In der oralen Vorbereitungsphase sind vor allem eine verminderte Geruchs- und Geschmackswahrnehmung sowie die im Alter häufig multifaktoriell verursachte Mundtrockenheit zu nennen. Die altersabhängige Abnahme von Skelettmuskelmasse, -qualität und -stärke, die als Sarkopenie bezeichnet wird, führt insbesondere zu Alterationen der oralen und pharyngealen Phase. Eine verminderte Sensibilität im Mund-Rachen-Raum hat Auswirkungen auf alle Schluckphasen, manifestiert sich aber vor allem mit einer verzögerten Triggerung des Schluckreflexes. Veränderungen des Achsenskeletts und des Bindegewebes führen ebenfalls zu vielfältigen Modifikationen des Bewegungsablaufs.
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Metadaten
Titel
Schluckstörungen im Alter
Physiologie und Pathophysiologie
verfasst von
P. Muhle
R. Wirth
J. Glahn
R. Dziewas
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-014-4183-7

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