Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 12/2016

11.10.2016 | Multiple Sklerose | Leitthema

Progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie

verfasst von: PD Dr. C. Warnke, M. P. Wattjes, O. Adams, H.‑P. Hartung, R. Martin, T. Weber, M. Stangel

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 12/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie (PML) wird durch das JC-Polyomavirus (JCPyV) verursacht und ist eine schwere Komplikation bei immunsupprimierten Patienten. Die klinische Bedeutung der PML hat in den letzten Jahren durch ihr gehäuftes Auftreten in der Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose mit Natalizumab, aber auch bei der Therapie mit anderen Biologika zugenommen. Im Folgenden soll eine Übersicht über das JCPyV und das gegenwärtige Verständnis der PML-Pathogenese gegeben werden. Dies dient als Ausgangspunkt, um die aktuelle Falldefinition der PML unter Einbezug von Liquorbefunden zu erläutern. Zudem werden aktuelle Maßnahmen zur verbesserten PML-Risikominimierung diskutiert.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Eckroade RJ, Dessel BH (1971) Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1:1257–1260CrossRefPubMed Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, Eckroade RJ, Dessel BH (1971) Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1:1257–1260CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Molloy ES, Calabrese LH (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A national estimate of frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 60:3761–3765CrossRefPubMed Molloy ES, Calabrese LH (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A national estimate of frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 60:3761–3765CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, Menge T, Hartung HP et al (2010) Natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: What are the causal factors and can it be avoided? Arch Neurol 67:923–930CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Warnke C, Menge T, Hartung HP et al (2010) Natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: What are the causal factors and can it be avoided? Arch Neurol 67:923–930CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkelmann A, Loebermann M, Reisinger EC, Hartung HP, Zettl UK (2016) Disease-modifying therapies and infectious risks in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 12:217–233CrossRefPubMed Winkelmann A, Loebermann M, Reisinger EC, Hartung HP, Zettl UK (2016) Disease-modifying therapies and infectious risks in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 12:217–233CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferenczy MW, Marshall LJ, Nelson CD et al (2012) Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:471–506CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ferenczy MW, Marshall LJ, Nelson CD et al (2012) Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:471–506CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, Smolianov V, Dehmel T et al (2011) CD34+ progenitor cells mobilized by natalizumab are not a relevant reservoir for JC virus. Mult Scler 17:151–156CrossRefPubMed Warnke C, Smolianov V, Dehmel T et al (2011) CD34+ progenitor cells mobilized by natalizumab are not a relevant reservoir for JC virus. Mult Scler 17:151–156CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Frohman EM, Monaco MC, Remington G et al (2014) JC virus in CD34+ and CD19+ cells in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab. JAMA Neurol 71:596–602CrossRefPubMed Frohman EM, Monaco MC, Remington G et al (2014) JC virus in CD34+ and CD19+ cells in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab. JAMA Neurol 71:596–602CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Loy T, Thys K, Ryschkewitsch C et al (2015) JC virus quasispecies analysis reveals a complex viral population underlying progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and supports viral dissemination via the hematogenous route. J Virol 89:1340–1347CrossRefPubMed Van Loy T, Thys K, Ryschkewitsch C et al (2015) JC virus quasispecies analysis reveals a complex viral population underlying progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and supports viral dissemination via the hematogenous route. J Virol 89:1340–1347CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Sunyaev SR, Lugovskoy A, Simon K, Gorelik L (2009) Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Plos Genet 5:e1000368CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sunyaev SR, Lugovskoy A, Simon K, Gorelik L (2009) Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Plos Genet 5:e1000368CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Aly L, Yousef S, Schippling S et al (2011) Central role of JC virus-specific CD4+ lymphocytes in progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Brain 134:2687–2702CrossRefPubMed Aly L, Yousef S, Schippling S et al (2011) Central role of JC virus-specific CD4+ lymphocytes in progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Brain 134:2687–2702CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jelcic I, Jelcic I, Kempf C et al (2016) Mechanisms of immune escape in central nervous system infection with neurotropic JC virus variant. Ann Neurol 79:404–418CrossRefPubMed Jelcic I, Jelcic I, Kempf C et al (2016) Mechanisms of immune escape in central nervous system infection with neurotropic JC virus variant. Ann Neurol 79:404–418CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, von Geldern G, Markwerth P et al (2014) Cerebrospinal fluid JC virus antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 76:792–801CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Warnke C, von Geldern G, Markwerth P et al (2014) Cerebrospinal fluid JC virus antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 76:792–801CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundqvist E, Buck D, Warnke C et al (2014) JC polyomavirus infection is strongly controlled by human leucocyte antigen class II variants. PLOS Pathog 10:e1004084CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sundqvist E, Buck D, Warnke C et al (2014) JC polyomavirus infection is strongly controlled by human leucocyte antigen class II variants. PLOS Pathog 10:e1004084CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB et al (2013) PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology 80:1430–1438CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB et al (2013) PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology 80:1430–1438CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Koralnik IJ, Wuthrich C, Dang X et al (2005) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy: A novel clinical syndrome distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 57:576–580CrossRefPubMed Koralnik IJ, Wuthrich C, Dang X et al (2005) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy: A novel clinical syndrome distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 57:576–580CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Schippling S, Kempf C, Buchele F et al (2013) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy and GCN-IRIS under natalizumab treatment. Ann Neurol 74:622–626CrossRefPubMed Schippling S, Kempf C, Buchele F et al (2013) JC virus granule cell neuronopathy and GCN-IRIS under natalizumab treatment. Ann Neurol 74:622–626CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wattjes MP, Vennegoor A, Mostert J, van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Killestein J (2014) Diagnosis of asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML: Are we between a rock and a hard place? J Neurol 261:1139–1143CrossRefPubMed Wattjes MP, Vennegoor A, Mostert J, van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Killestein J (2014) Diagnosis of asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML: Are we between a rock and a hard place? J Neurol 261:1139–1143CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Yousry TA, Pelletier D, Cadavid D et al (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 72:779–787CrossRefPubMed Yousry TA, Pelletier D, Cadavid D et al (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 72:779–787CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Wattjes MP, Rovira A, Miller D et al (2015) Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis – establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients. Nat Rev Neurol 11:597–606CrossRefPubMed Wattjes MP, Rovira A, Miller D et al (2015) Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis – establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients. Nat Rev Neurol 11:597–606CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong-Si T, Richman S, Wattjes MP et al (2014) Outcome and survival of asymptomatic PML in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1:755–764CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dong-Si T, Richman S, Wattjes MP et al (2014) Outcome and survival of asymptomatic PML in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1:755–764CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wattjes MP, Vennegoor A, Steenwijk MD et al (2015) MRI pattern in asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 86:793–798CrossRefPubMed Wattjes MP, Vennegoor A, Steenwijk MD et al (2015) MRI pattern in asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 86:793–798CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, Stettner M, Lehmensiek V et al (2015) Natalizumab exerts a suppressive effect on surrogates of B cell function in blood and CSF. Mult Scler 21:1036–1044CrossRefPubMed Warnke C, Stettner M, Lehmensiek V et al (2015) Natalizumab exerts a suppressive effect on surrogates of B cell function in blood and CSF. Mult Scler 21:1036–1044CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, von Geldern G, Markwerth P et al (2014) The CSF JCV antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML. Ann Neurol 76:792–801CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Warnke C, von Geldern G, Markwerth P et al (2014) The CSF JCV antibody index for diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML. Ann Neurol 76:792–801CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuhle J, Gosert R, Buhler R et al (2011) Management and outcome of CSF-JC virus PCR-negative PML in a natalizumab-treated patient with MS. Neurology 77:2010–2016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kuhle J, Gosert R, Buhler R et al (2011) Management and outcome of CSF-JC virus PCR-negative PML in a natalizumab-treated patient with MS. Neurology 77:2010–2016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Giacomini PS, Rozenberg A, Metz I et al (2014) Maraviroc and JC virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. N Engl J Med 370:486–488CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Giacomini PS, Rozenberg A, Metz I et al (2014) Maraviroc and JC virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. N Engl J Med 370:486–488CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Balduzzi A, Lucchini G, Hirsch HH et al (2011) Polyomavirus JC-targeted T‑cell therapy for progressive multiple leukoencephalopathy in a hematopoietic cell transplantation recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant 46:987–992CrossRefPubMed Balduzzi A, Lucchini G, Hirsch HH et al (2011) Polyomavirus JC-targeted T‑cell therapy for progressive multiple leukoencephalopathy in a hematopoietic cell transplantation recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant 46:987–992CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Sospedra M, Schippling S, Yousef S et al (2014) Treating progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with interleukin 7 and vaccination with JC virus capsid protein VP1. Clin Infect Dis 59:1588–1592CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sospedra M, Schippling S, Yousef S et al (2014) Treating progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with interleukin 7 and vaccination with JC virus capsid protein VP1. Clin Infect Dis 59:1588–1592CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C et al (2012) Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 366:1870–1880CrossRefPubMed Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C et al (2012) Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 366:1870–1880CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnke C, Ramanujam R, Plavina T et al (2013) Changes to anti-JCV antibody levels in a Swedish national MS cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 84:1199–1205CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Warnke C, Ramanujam R, Plavina T et al (2013) Changes to anti-JCV antibody levels in a Swedish national MS cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 84:1199–1205CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Plavina T, Subramanyam M, Bloomgren G et al (2014) Anti-JC virus antibody levels in serum or plasma further define risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 76:802–812CrossRefPubMed Plavina T, Subramanyam M, Bloomgren G et al (2014) Anti-JC virus antibody levels in serum or plasma further define risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 76:802–812CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Volz-Zang C, Keller-Stanislawski B (2016) Aktualisierte Empfehlungen zur Minimierung des Risikos einer PML unter Tysabri®-Behandlung. Bull Arzneimittelsicherheit Informationen BfArM PEI 1:11–20 Volz-Zang C, Keller-Stanislawski B (2016) Aktualisierte Empfehlungen zur Minimierung des Risikos einer PML unter Tysabri®-Behandlung. Bull Arzneimittelsicherheit Informationen BfArM PEI 1:11–20
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Posevitz V et al (2013) L‑Selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Neurology 81:865–871CrossRefPubMed Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Posevitz V et al (2013) L‑Selectin is a possible biomarker for individual PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Neurology 81:865–871CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieberman LA, Zeng W, Singh C et al (2016) CD62L is not a reliable biomarker for predicting PML risk in natalizumab-treated R‑MS patients. Neurology 86:375–381CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lieberman LA, Zeng W, Singh C et al (2016) CD62L is not a reliable biomarker for predicting PML risk in natalizumab-treated R‑MS patients. Neurology 86:375–381CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Villar LM, Costa-Frossard L, Masterman T et al (2015) Lipid-specific immunoglobulin M bands in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with a reduced risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during treatment with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 77:447–457CrossRefPubMed Villar LM, Costa-Frossard L, Masterman T et al (2015) Lipid-specific immunoglobulin M bands in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with a reduced risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during treatment with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 77:447–457CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie
verfasst von
PD Dr. C. Warnke
M. P. Wattjes
O. Adams
H.‑P. Hartung
R. Martin
T. Weber
M. Stangel
Publikationsdatum
11.10.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 12/2016
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0225-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2016

Der Nervenarzt 12/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DGPPN

Mitteilungen der DGPPN

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE
OnSite Advertorial Multiple Sklerose
Service mit Mehrwert

Services in der MS-Therapie für Neurolog*innen und Betroffene

Diagnose und Therapie der MS können für Patient*innen und Neurolog*innen mit Herausforderungen einhergehen [1,2]. Mit umfangreichen Servicemaßnahmen klärt Biogen Ärztinnen und Ärzte über mögliche Therapieoptionen auf und unterstützt diese bei der Fortbildung sowie Betroffene im Alltag.