Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Diabetologia 3/2008

01.03.2008 | Article

Pre-morbid intelligence, the metabolic syndrome and mortality: the Vietnam Experience Study

verfasst von: G. D. Batty, C. R. Gale, L. H. Mortensen, C. Langenberg, M. J. Shipley, I. J. Deary

Erschienen in: Diabetologia | Ausgabe 3/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis

We examined the relationship between pre-morbid intelligence quotient (IQ) and the metabolic syndrome, and assessed the role of the metabolic syndrome as a mediating factor in the association of IQ with total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Methods

In this cohort study, 4,157 men with IQ test results from late adolescence or early adulthood [mean age (range) 20.4 (16–30) years] attended a clinical examination in middle-age [38.3 (31–46) years] at which the components of the metabolic syndrome were measured. They were then followed for 15 years to assess mortality.

Results

In age-adjusted analyses, IQ was significantly inversely related to four of the five individual components comprising the metabolic syndrome: hypertension, high BMI, high triglycerides and high blood glucose, but not low HDL-cholesterol. After controlling for a range of covariates that included socioeconomic position, higher IQ scores were associated with a reduced prevalence of the metabolic syndrome itself (odds ratio1 SD increase in IQ 0.87, 95% CI 0.78–0.98). Structural equation modelling revealed that education was not a mediator of the relationship between IQ and the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome partially mediated the relationship between IQ and CVD but not that between IQ and total mortality.

Conclusions/interpretation

In this cohort, higher scores on a pre-morbid IQ test were associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and most of its components. The metabolic syndrome was a mediating variable in the IQ–CVD relationship.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, Gottfredson LS (2007) Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 17:278–288PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Deary IJ, Gottfredson LS (2007) Premorbid (early life) IQ and later mortality risk: systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 17:278–288PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, MacIntyre S (2007) Childhood IQ in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in middle-aged persons: the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 61:241–247PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Deary IJ, MacIntyre S (2007) Childhood IQ in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in middle-aged persons: the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 61:241–247PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Gale C (2006) Mental ability across childhood in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in adult life: the 1970 British Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:872–874PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Gale C (2006) Mental ability across childhood in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in adult life: the 1970 British Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:872–874PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Gale CR, Chandola T, Deary IJ (2007) Early life IQ, risk factors, and later cardiovascular disease: new data from the 1958 British Birth Cohort and a systematic review. In: Alves JG, Sampaio-Carneiro M (eds) Prevention of adult chronic diseases in infancy and adolescence (in Brazilian Portuguese). Medbook, Rio de Janeiro, pp 29–46 Batty GD, Gale CR, Chandola T, Deary IJ (2007) Early life IQ, risk factors, and later cardiovascular disease: new data from the 1958 British Birth Cohort and a systematic review. In: Alves JG, Sampaio-Carneiro M (eds) Prevention of adult chronic diseases in infancy and adolescence (in Brazilian Portuguese). Medbook, Rio de Janeiro, pp 29–46
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor MD, Hart CL, Davey Smith G et al (2003) Childhood mental ability and smoking cessation in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 57:464–465PubMedCrossRef Taylor MD, Hart CL, Davey Smith G et al (2003) Childhood mental ability and smoking cessation in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 57:464–465PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Gale CR (2007) Childhood mental ability in relation to food intake and physical activity in adulthood: the 1970 British Cohort Study. Pediatrics 119:e38–e45PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Gale CR (2007) Childhood mental ability in relation to food intake and physical activity in adulthood: the 1970 British Cohort Study. Pediatrics 119:e38–e45PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gale CR, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Batty GD (2007) IQ in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study. BMJ 334:245PubMedCrossRef Gale CR, Deary IJ, Schoon I, Batty GD (2007) IQ in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study. BMJ 334:245PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Starr JM, Taylor MD, Hart CL et al (2004) Childhood mental ability and blood pressure at midlife: linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. J Hypertens 22:893–897PubMedCrossRef Starr JM, Taylor MD, Hart CL et al (2004) Childhood mental ability and blood pressure at midlife: linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. J Hypertens 22:893–897PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindgarde F, Furu M, Ljung BO (1987) A longitudinal study on the significance of environmental and individual factors associated with the development of essential hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health 41:220–226PubMedCrossRef Lindgarde F, Furu M, Ljung BO (1987) A longitudinal study on the significance of environmental and individual factors associated with the development of essential hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health 41:220–226PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandola T, Deary IJ, Blane D, Batty GD (2006) Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: the National Child Development (1958) Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:1422–1432CrossRef Chandola T, Deary IJ, Blane D, Batty GD (2006) Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: the National Child Development (1958) Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 30:1422–1432CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sorensen TI, Sonne-Holm S, Christensen U (1983) Cognitive deficiency in obesity independent of social origin. Lancet 1:1105–1106PubMedCrossRef Sorensen TI, Sonne-Holm S, Christensen U (1983) Cognitive deficiency in obesity independent of social origin. Lancet 1:1105–1106PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Teasdale TW, Sorensen TI, Stunkard AJ (1992) Intelligence and educational level in relation to body mass index of adult males. Hum Biol 64:99–106PubMed Teasdale TW, Sorensen TI, Stunkard AJ (1992) Intelligence and educational level in relation to body mass index of adult males. Hum Biol 64:99–106PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hart CL, Taylor MD, Davey Smith G et al (2004) Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. Soc Sci Med 59:2131–2138PubMedCrossRef Hart CL, Taylor MD, Davey Smith G et al (2004) Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan Studies. Soc Sci Med 59:2131–2138PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (2004) Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. JAMA 257:790–795 The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (2004) Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. JAMA 257:790–795
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Boehmer TK, Flanders WD, McGeehin MA, Boyle C, Barrett DH (2004) Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 164:1908–1916PubMedCrossRef Boehmer TK, Flanders WD, McGeehin MA, Boyle C, Barrett DH (2004) Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 164:1908–1916PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Mortensen L et al (2008) IQ in late adolescence/early adulthood, risk factors in middle-age, and later all-cause mortality in men: the Vietnam Experience Study. J Epidemiol Community Health (in press) Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Mortensen L et al (2008) IQ in late adolescence/early adulthood, risk factors in middle-age, and later all-cause mortality in men: the Vietnam Experience Study. J Epidemiol Community Health (in press)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Duncan O (1961) A socioeconomic index for all occupations. Free Press, New York Duncan O (1961) A socioeconomic index for all occupations. Free Press, New York
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens G, Cho J (1985) Socioeconomic indexes and the new 1980 Census Occupational Classification Scheme. Soc Sci Res 14:142–168CrossRef Stevens G, Cho J (1985) Socioeconomic indexes and the new 1980 Census Occupational Classification Scheme. Soc Sci Res 14:142–168CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (1988) Health status of Vietnam veterans. I. Psychosocial characteristics. JAMA 259:2701–2707CrossRef The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (1988) Health status of Vietnam veterans. I. Psychosocial characteristics. JAMA 259:2701–2707CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (1988) Health status of Vietnam veterans. II. Physical Health. JAMA 259:2708–2714CrossRef The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study (1988) Health status of Vietnam veterans. II. Physical Health. JAMA 259:2708–2714CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497CrossRef Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15:539–553PubMedCrossRef Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15:539–553PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Pladevall M, Singal B, Williams LK et al (2006) A single factor underlies the metabolic syndrome: a confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetes Care 29:113–122PubMedCrossRef Pladevall M, Singal B, Williams LK et al (2006) A single factor underlies the metabolic syndrome: a confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetes Care 29:113–122PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kline P (1994) An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge, London Kline P (1994) An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge, London
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Bentler P (1995) EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Encino Bentler P (1995) EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Encino
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Deary IJ, Strand S, Smith P, Fernandes C (2007) Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence 35:13–21CrossRef Deary IJ, Strand S, Smith P, Fernandes C (2007) Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence 35:13–21CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DR (1972) Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [Ser B] 34:187–220 Cox DR (1972) Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [Ser B] 34:187–220
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kline R (2005) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford, New York Kline R (2005) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford, New York
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bentler P (2007) On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Pers Individ Differ 42:825–829CrossRef Bentler P (2007) On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Pers Individ Differ 42:825–829CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ford ES (2005) Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28:1769–1778PubMedCrossRef Ford ES (2005) Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28:1769–1778PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, MacIntyre S (2006) Childhood IQ and life course socioeconomic position in relation to alcohol induced hangovers in adulthood: the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:872–874PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Deary IJ, MacIntyre S (2006) Childhood IQ and life course socioeconomic position in relation to alcohol induced hangovers in adulthood: the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:872–874PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mortensen LH, Sorensen TI, Gronbaek M (2005) Intelligence in relation to later beverage preference and alcohol intake. Addiction 100:1445–1452PubMedCrossRef Mortensen LH, Sorensen TI, Gronbaek M (2005) Intelligence in relation to later beverage preference and alcohol intake. Addiction 100:1445–1452PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatch SL, Jones PB, Kuh D et al (2007) Childhood cognitive ability and adult mental health in the British 1946 birth cohort. Soc Sci Med 64:2285–2296PubMedCrossRef Hatch SL, Jones PB, Kuh D et al (2007) Childhood cognitive ability and adult mental health in the British 1946 birth cohort. Soc Sci Med 64:2285–2296PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I et al (2008) Childhood mental ability in relation to alcohol drinking problems and consumption in adulthood: the 1970 British Cohort Study. Am J Public Health (in press) Batty GD, Deary IJ, Schoon I et al (2008) Childhood mental ability in relation to alcohol drinking problems and consumption in adulthood: the 1970 British Cohort Study. Am J Public Health (in press)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat MacLullich AM, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Walker BR, Secki JR (2004) Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in healthy elderly nondiabetic men are negatively associated with verbal memory. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:848–849PubMedCrossRef MacLullich AM, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Walker BR, Secki JR (2004) Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in healthy elderly nondiabetic men are negatively associated with verbal memory. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:848–849PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Batty GD, Der G, MacIntyre S, Deary IJ (2006) Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland. BMJ 332:580–584PubMedCrossRef Batty GD, Der G, MacIntyre S, Deary IJ (2006) Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland. BMJ 332:580–584PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Pre-morbid intelligence, the metabolic syndrome and mortality: the Vietnam Experience Study
verfasst von
G. D. Batty
C. R. Gale
L. H. Mortensen
C. Langenberg
M. J. Shipley
I. J. Deary
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Diabetologia / Ausgabe 3/2008
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0908-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2008

Diabetologia 3/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.