Introduction
Methods
Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Diabetic complications | HbA1c (range) | Type of insulin | Parity | Gestational age (weeks) | Birthweight (kg) | Caesarean indication | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | mmol/mol | ||||||||
40 | 31.6 | None | 6.1–6.2 | 43–44 | Humulin; humalog | 1 | 38 | 3.69 | Previous CS |
40 | 22.3 | None | 5.9–6.4 | 41–46 | Humalog; lantus | 1 | 38 | 3.49 | Maternal request |
26 | 28.9 | Retinopathy | 6.4–6.6 | 46–49 | CSII | 0 | 35+2 | 2.18 | Maternal request |
24 | 30.1 | Microalbuminuria | 7.9–8.1 | 63–65 | Novorapid, glarginea
| 0 | 38 | 3.34 | Previous CS |
36 | 24.6 | None | 6.0–7.0 | 42–53 | Novorapid, lantus | 1 | 37+4 | 4.5 | Diabetes |
CSII | |||||||||
36 | 22.4 | Previous nephropathy | 6.5–6.8 | 48–51 | CSII | 1 | 36+4 | 4.42 | Maternal reason |
27 | 41.9 | None | 7.9–9.7 | 63–83 | Humalog; lantus | 2 | 35+3 | 4.48 | Diabetes |
39 | 30 | Retinopathy | 6.4–8.2 | 46–66 | Humalog; humulin | 0 | 34+0 | 2.58 | Previous CS/maternal request |
44 | 31.2 | Vascular | 6.3 | 45 | Insulin | 3 | 36+4 | 2.72 | Maternal reason |
29 | 22.3 | None | 5.7–6.3 | 39–45 | Insulin | 1 | 38 | 3.26 | Diabetes |
28 | 43 | Nephropathy | 7.1–7.5 | 54–59 | Novorapid, lantus | 3 | 35+2 | 4.37 | Diabetes |
34 | 43.8 | None | 6.7 | 50 | Insulin | 1 | 37+1 | 4.31 | Previous CS |
37 | 22.6 | Retinopathy | 6 | 42 | Novorapid, lantus | 3 | 32+6 | 2.48 | Maternal reason |
38 | 25.2 | Hypertension | 6.5 | 48 | Novorapid, lantus | 3 | 36+3 | 4.115 | Previous CS |
27 | 24.2 | None | 5.9 | 41 | CSII | 3 | 33+5 | 2.46 | Breech |
41 | 46.2 | Hypertension | 6.1 | 43 | Novorapid, lantus | 1 | 37.5 | 3.29 | Previous CS |
36 | 24.8 | Retinopathy and nephropathy | 5 | 31 | Novorapid, lantus | 0 | 37 | 3.27 | Diabetes |
40 | 36.5 | None | 5.5–6.0 | 37–42 | Novorapid | 2 | 38 | 3.75 | Previous CS |
Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | HbA1c (range) | Type of insulin | Parity | Gestational age (weeks) | Birthweight (kg) | Caesarean indication | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | mmol/mol | |||||||
26 | 35.4 | 5.4–7.0 | 36–53 | Insulin: novomix | 1 | 38 | 3.71 | Previous CS |
29 | 42.5 | 6.9–7.2 | 52–55 | Metformin and insulin:novomix | 1 | 38+1 | 4.16 | Previous CS |
30 | 40.7 | 5.1–5.6 | 32–38 | Metformin and insulin:lantus | 1 | 38 | 3.2 | Previous CS |
33 | 26.5 | 5.3–5.6 | 34–38 | Diet only | 1 | 38 | 3.57 | Previous CS |
38 | 28.9 | 5.1–5.3 | 32–34 | Diet only | 1 | 39 | 3.57 | Previous CS |
37 | 35.6 | 5.6–5.7 | 38–39 | Diet only | 1 | 38 | 3.74 | Previous CS |
33 | 29.8 | 4.4–5.8 | 25–40 | Diet only | 2 | 37+6 | 4.83 | |
38 | 27.8 | 5.4–7.0 | 36–53 | Diet only | 2 | 36+5 | 2.78 | Previous CS |
31 | 24 | 5.1 | 32 | Insulin: lantus | 1 | 38+6 | 3.03 | Previous CS |
38 | 38 | 7.0–9.3 | 53–78 | Insulins: novorapid and lantus | 1 | 38+1 | 4.76 | Previous CS |
36 | 31.5 | 7.4 | 57 | Metformin | 1 | 38+3 | 3.9 | Previous CS |
35 | 33.7 | 4.1–6.2 | 21–44 | Insulins: novorapid and lantus | 2 | 38+1 | 3.3 | Diabetes |
35 | 19.4 | 4.2–6.5 | 22–48 | Diet only | 3 | 38+2 | 3.25 | Diabetes |
29 | 24.8 | 5.8–6.0 | 43–42 | Insulins: novarapid and lantus | 0 | 38 | 3.98 | Previous CS |
30 | 21.5 | 4.5–6.8 | 26–51 | Insulin: novorapid | 1 | 37+5 | 4.15 | Breech |
32 | 28.1 | 6.4 | 46 | Diet only | 1 | 37+1 | 4.31 | Previous CS |
27 | 50.1 | 4.7 | 28 | Diet only | 1 | 37+5 | 4.11 | Previous CS |
36 | 23.8 | 6.3 | 45 | Diet only | 1 | 38+3 | 2.68 | Breech |
29 | 53.1 | 6.7 | 50 | Diet only | 1 | 36 | 3.23 | Hypertension |
27 | 50.7 | 8.5 | 69 | Novorapid, lantus | 1 | 37+4 | 3.23 | Previous CS |
37 | 32.4 | 5.7–5.9 | 39–41 | Novorapid, lantus | 1 | 37+3 | 5.05 | Previous CS |
32 | 26.2 | 5.5 | 37 | Novorapid | 2 | 38 | 3.8 | Previous CS |
Variable | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Gestational diabetes mellitus | Non-diabetic controls |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 36 (28–39) | 33 (30–37) | 33 (24–44) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 (24–32) | 29 (26–35) | 27 (19–45) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 37 (35–37) | 38 (37–38) | 39 (37–40) |
Birthweight (kg) | 3.42 (2.72–4.30) | 3.73 (3.20–4.20) | 3.48 (2.69–4.48) |
Results
Variable | Spontaneous contractions | High K contraction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contractions | Ca signals | |||||
Non-diabetic (n = 68) | Diabetic (n = 40) | Non-diabetic (n = 15) | Diabetic (n = 9) | Non-diabetic (n = 14) | Diabetic (n = 14) | |
Frequency (contraction/h) | 8 (6, 12) | 7 (5, 13) | – | – | – | – |
Amplitude (mN) | 2.4 (1.2, 4.5) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6)* | 0.7 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 3 (1.3, 4.5) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.0)* |
Duration (min) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)* | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) | 1.0 (0.8,1.7)* | 2.1 (1.3, 3.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)* |
AUC (au) | 8.7 (4.0, 14.5) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.5)* | 4.4 (2.0, 7.2) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.7)* | 5.4 (3.5, 16.4) | 2.8 (1.3, 3.5)* |
Relaxation rate (min) | N/A | N/A | 5.0 (4.7, 9.1) | 2.4 (0.7, 4.5)* | N/A | N/A |