Introduction
Methods
Results
Characteristic | Control participants (n = 34) | Type 1 diabetes, no ED (n = 29) | Type 1 diabetes, ED (n = 41) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 45.4 ± 2.6 | 41.8 ± 2.3 | 57.1 ± 1.9 | |
BP, systolic/diastolic (mmHg) | 136.9 ± 3.0/75.2 ± 1.8 | 133 ± 3.1/70.5 ± 1.9 | 139 ± 3.9/73.2 ± 1.5 | 0.8/0.7 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37.9 ± 0.7*** | 62.3 ± 2.8 | 58.8 ± 3.0 | 0.7 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.1*** | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | |
Duration of diabetes (years)a
| – | 28.8 ± 2.3 | 28.1 ± 1.8 | 0.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 0.6 | 26.8 ± 0.9 | 26.5 ± 0.7 | 0.7 |
Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 0.6 ± 0.3* | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml min−1 [1.73 m]−2) | 85.2 ± 1.2 | 87.4 ± 1.4 | 66.6 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Smoking (cigarettes/day) | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.4 |
Alcohol (units/week) | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 0.4 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 0.1*** | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 |
Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.1* | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.9 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.1*** | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 |
ED, yes (%) | 5.9 | 58.6 (all participants with diabetes) |
Variable | Control participants (n = 34) | Type 1 diabetes, no ED (n = 29) | Type 1 diabetes, ED (n = 41) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
NSP (/38)a
| 0.2 ± 0.1*** | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 0.03 |
Neuropathy Disability Score (/10)a
| 0.7 ± 0.2*** | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.1 |
VPT (V)a
| 6.2 ± 0.9*** | 10.7 ± 2.4 | 18.3 ± 1.9 | 0.02 |
Sural nerve amplitude (μV)a
| 17.9 ± 1.5*** | 11.7 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 0.002 |
Sural nerve conduction velocity (m/s)a
| 49.0 ± 0.6*** | 42.6 ± 1.9 | 37.9 ± 1.4 | 0.07 |
Peroneal nerve amplitude (mV)a
| 6.2 ± 0.3*** | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Peroneal nerve conduction velocity (m/s)a
| 48.8 ± 0.7*** | 41.9 ± 2.0 | 34.8 ± 1.5 | 0.01 |
CT (°C)a
| 28.2 ± 0.4*** | 27.3 ± 1.8 | 19.7 ± 1.4 | 0.003 |
WT (°C)a
| 37.6 ± 0.7*** | 39.0 ± 0.9 | 42.9 ± 0.8 | 0.005 |
IENFD (n/mm)a
| 10.5 ± 0.7*** | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.008 |
Automated CNFD (n/mm2)a
| 30.1 ± 1.2*** | 23.9 ± 2.0 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
Automated CNBD (n/mm2)a
| 37.1 ± 2.7*** | 31.6 ± 3.3 | 12.7 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
Automated CNFL (mm/mm2)a
| 17.1 ± 0.6*** | 14.5 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
DB-HRV (beats/min)a
| 31.0 ± 2.2*** | 30.0 ± 3.7 | 21.5 ± 3.1 | 0.001 |