Introduction
Comparing Australia and the Netherlands
Methods
The Dutch study
The Australian survey
Health service use and perceived needs
Perceived barriers
Psychopathology
Covariates
Combining the two data sets
Statistical analysis
Results
The Netherlands (N = 610) | Australia (N = 372) |
χ
2
| |
---|---|---|---|
Gendera (%) | 2.8 | ||
Female | 72.5 | 67.5 | |
Age categories (years)b (%) | 32.6** | ||
18–24 | 5.9 | 16.1 | |
25–44 | 40.0 | 42.5 | |
45–65 | 54.1 | 41.4 | |
Education levelb (%) | 206.2** | ||
Basic | 9.8 | 46.0 | |
Intermediate | 59.0 | 20.4 | |
High | 31.1 | 33.6 | |
Anxiety disordersa (%) | |||
Panic disorder | 36.1 | 20.4 | 26.8** |
Agoraphobia | 12.1 | 8.6 | 3.0 |
Social phobia | 36.9 | 45.2 | 6.6* |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 29.3 | 34.7 | 3.1 |
Affective disordersa (%) | |||
Major depressive disorder | 62.0 | 60.8 | 0.1 |
Dysthymia | 18.4 | 22.6 | 2.6 |
Type of disorder (%) | 10.0* | ||
Depressive disorder(s) only | 21.8 | 28.5 | |
Anxiety disorder(s) only | 34.3 | 37.1 | |
Both depressive and anxiety disorders | 43.9 | 34.4 |
The Netherlands (N = 610) | Australia (N = 372) | Mann–Whitney U
| |
---|---|---|---|
Disability | |||
WHODAS score | 83,624** | ||
Range | 1.1–84.8 | 0–86.1 | |
Mean (SD) | 33.9 (16.6) | 27.5 (18.3) | |
Mean rank | 527.0 | 411.4 | |
K-10 score | 78,382** | ||
Range | 20–50 | 20–50 | |
Mean (SD) | 30.4 (6.1) | 27.9 (6.5) | |
Mean rank | 515.5 | 397.2 |
Service use
Perceived need: any need versus no need
The Netherlands, N (%) | Australia, N (%) | Any need (vs. no need) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | ||||
Information | 350 (57.4) | 200 (53.8) | 0.97 | 0.71–1.3 | 0.85 |
Medication | 253 (41.5) | 188 (50.5) |
1.8
|
1.3–2.5
|
<0.001
|
Counselling | 374 (61.3) | 250 (67.2) |
1.4
|
1.0–2.0
|
0.04
|
Practical support | 90 (14.8) | 75 (20.2) |
1.8
|
1.2–2.7
|
0.01
|
Skills training | 142 (23.3) | 95 (25.5) | 1.3 | 0.88–1.8 | 0.22 |
Overall needs | 517 (84.8) | 286 (76.9) | 0.71 | 0.47–1.1 | 0.10 |
Perceived need: fully met need versus partially met need and unmet need
The Netherlands, N (%) | Australia, N (%) | Fully met need (vs. partially and unmet need) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | ||||
Information | 134 (38.3) | 91 (45.5) | 1.2 | 0.81–1.8 | 0.34 |
Medication | 179 (70.8) | 143 (76.1) |
1.7
|
1.0–2.9
|
0.04
|
Counselling | 136 (36.4) | 134 (53.6) |
2.2
|
1.5–3.2
|
<0.001
|
Practical support | 14 (15.6) | 17 (22.7) | 1.6 | 0.60–4.4 | 0.34 |
Skills training | 24 (16.9) | 34 (35.8) |
3.0
|
1.4–6.3
|
0.003
|
Overall needs | 130 (25.1) | 88 (30.8) |
1.4
|
1.0–2.1
|
0.05
|
Perceived barriers
Information | Medication | Counselling | Practical support | Skills training | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neth | Austr | Neth | Austr | Neth | Austr | Neth | Austr | Neth | Austr | |
Self-reliance | 11.9 | 11.1 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 10.1 | 6.6 |
Pessimism | 9.0 | 9.1 | 2.1 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 5.1 |
Ignorance | 9.6 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 4.9 | 5.6 |
Stigma | 7.8 | 8.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 6.6 |
Finance | 3.9 | 7.6 | 0 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 16.7 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
Non-response | 6.7 | 8.1 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 5.1 |
Alternative provision | 4.1 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 6.2 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 0.5 |
n.a.a
| 47.0 | 44.9 | 84.0 | 77.3 | 49.6 | 41.4 | 81.4 | 70.7 | 73.9 | 69.2 |
Information | Medication | Counselling | Practical support | Skills training | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Self-reliance | 0.85 | 0.45–1.6 | 0.73 | 0.32–1.7 | 0.63 | 0.35–1.1 | 1.3 | 0.51–3.5 | 0.52 | 0.25–1.1 |
Pessimism | 1.1 | 0.53–2.1 |
3.8
|
1.4–10.7
| 0.79 | 0.39–1.6 | 2.3 | 0.52–10.3 |
3.0
|
1.1–8.2
|
Ignorance | 0.72 | 0.34–1.5 | 0.37 | 0.039–3.5 | 0.61 | 0.25–1.5 | 1.5 | 0.68–3.3 | 1.3 | 0.53–3.0 |
Stigma | 0.96 | 0.45–2.0 | 0.68 | 0.13–3.5 | 1.3 | 0.60–2.7 | 2.8 | 0.79–10.2 |
4.0
|
1.5–10.7
|
Finance |
2.4
|
1.1–5.5
| n.a.a
|
5.9
|
2.9–11.9
| 2.8 | 0.66–12.1 | 2.0 | 0.35–11.1 | |
Non-response | 1.7 | 0.82–3.5 | 1.4 | 0.46–4.5 | 2.2 | 0.85–5.5 | 1.7 | 0.67–4.1 | 2.1 | 0.71–6.1 |
Alternative provision | 0.52 | 0.16–1.7 | 0.25 | 0.025–2.6 |
0.24
|
0.76–0.76
| 1.1 | 0.19–6.8 | 0.15 | 0.017–1.3 |