Introduction
Material and methods
Data sources and search strategy
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Outcome measures
Quality assessment
Data synthesis
Statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics and quality assessments
First author, year | Initial sample size (n) | Age (years) | Menopausal age (years) | Body mass (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bembena, 2000 | HI: 13 HR: 11 C: 11 | HI: 50 ± 2 HR: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 1 | HI: 4 ± 1 HR: 2 ± 1 C: 3 ± 1 | HI: 74.7 ± 5.6 HR: 62.7 ± 3.4 C: 66.5 ± 4.2 | HI: 162 ± 2 HR: 165 ± 2 C: 166 ± 2 | HI: 28.7 ± 2.4 HR: 23.2 ± 1.2 C: 24.2 ± 1.7 |
Bemben 2010 | E: 22 C: 12 | E: 64 ± 1 C: 63 ± 1 | > 5 | E: 76.6 ± 3.2 C: 77.9 ± 4.5 | E: 161 ± 2 C: 163 ± 1 | E: 30 ± 1 C: 29 ± 1 |
Chilibeck, 2002 * | E: 14 C: 14 | E: 57 ± 2 C: 59 ± 2 | E: 9 ± 2 C: 8 ± 2 | E: 72 ± 4.3 C: 73.2 ± 4.8 | E: 164 ± 2 C: 165 ± 1 | E: 27.0 ± 1.7 C: 26.6 ± 1.2 |
de Oliveira, 2018 | E: 17 C: 17 | E: 56 ± 7 C: 54 ± 5 | E: 8 ± 7 C: 9 ± 7 | E: 67.4 ± 8.6 C: 64.6 ± 6.6 | E: 157 ± 6 C: 154 ± 4 | E: 27.2 ± 2.7 C: 27.3 ± 2.5 |
Duff, 2016 | E: 22 C: 22 | E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 5 | n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. | E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 7 | n.g. n.g. |
Hartard 1996 | E: 18 C: 16 | E: 64 ± 6 C: 67 ± 10 | E > 2 C > 2 | E: 67 ± 7.7 C: 63.8 ± 11.2 | E: 162 ± 7 C: 158 ± 6 | n.g. n.g. |
Kerrb, 1996 | HI: 28 HR: 28 | HI: 58 ± 4 HR: 56 ± 5 | HI: 8 ± 3 HR: 6 ± 4 | HI: 69.4 ± 11.4 HR: 70.8 ± 10 | HI: 165 ± 7 HR: 165 ± 6 | n.g. n.g. |
Kohrt, 1997 * | E: 15 C: 15 | E: 65 ± 1 C: 68 ± 1 | n.g. n.g. | E: 72.6 ± 2.3 C: 71.6 ± 1.8 | E: 164 ± 2 C: 163 ± 2 | n.g. n.g. |
Madda-lozzo, 2007 | E: 35 C: 34 | E: 52 ± 3 C: 52 ± 3 | E: 2 ± 1 C: 2 ± 1 | E: 70 ± 8.7 C: 67.1 ± 12.6 | n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. |
Nelson, 1994 | E: 21 C: 19 | E: 61 ± 4 C: 57 ± 6 | E: 12 ± 5 C: 10 ± 5 | E: 64.7 ± 7.7 C: 62.2 ± 8.9 | E: 163 ± 6 C: 164 ± 8 | E: 24.4 ± 2.5 C: 23.1 ± 2.2 |
Nicholson, 2015 | E: 28 C: 29 | E: 66 ± 4 C: 66 ± 5 | E: > 5 C: > 5 | E: 70.6 ± 9.1 C: 66.8 ± 10.7 | E: 164 ± 4 C: 163 ± 5 | E: 26 ± 3.2 C: 24.5 ± 2.9 |
Orsatti, 2013 | E + Pl: 20 Pl: 20 | E + Pl: 56 ± 9 Pl: 55 ± 8 | E + Pl: 9 ± 6 Pl: 8 ± 6 | n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. | E + Pl: 26 ± 3.0 Pl: 30.4 ± 5.3 |
Pruitt, 1992 * | E: 17 C: 10 | E: 54 ± 1 C: 56 ± 1 | E: 3 ± 1 C: 4 ± 1 | E: 64.2 ± 1.9 C: 65.5 ± 2.9 | E: 162 ± 1 C: 163 ± 2 | n.g. n.g. |
Pruitt, 1995 | HI: 15 HR: 13 C: 12 | HI: 67 ± 1 HR: 68 ± 1 C: 70 ± 4 | n.g. n.g. n.g. | HI: 64.5 ± 9.2 HR: 61.5 ± 4.6 C: 63.8 ± 9.1 | HI: 162 ± 7 HR: 160 ± 5 C: 160 ± 9 | HI: 24.5 ± 3.4 HR: 23.9 ± 1.6 C: 25.1 ± 3.1 |
Rhodes, 2000 | E: 22 C: 22 | E: 69 ± 3 C: 68 ± 3 | n.g. n.g. | E: 68.4 ± 12 C: 61.7 ± 12.9 | E: 161 ± 5 C: 159 ± 4 | n.g. n.g. |
Sinaki, 1989 | E: 34 C: 34 | E: 56 ± 4 C: 56 ± 4 | n.g. n.g. | E: 66.2 ± 9.3 C: 66.1 ± 10.6 | E: 163 ± 6 C: 161 ± 5 | n.g. n.g. |
Woo, 2007 | E: 30 C: 30 | E: 70 ± 3 C: 69 ± 3 | n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. | E: 24.6 ±4.0 C: 24.9 ± 3.0 |
Author, year | Health and exercise status | Length (months) | PR-INT | Type of exercise, amount of exercises, methods | Site specificity | Volume in min/w.; setting; (attendance rate) | Exercise/strain composition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bemben, 2000 Low intensity | Healthy, no RT | 6 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (93%) | 8 exercises, 3 sets, 16 reps, 40% 1RM |
Bemben, 2000 High intensity | Healthy, no RT | 6 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (87%) | 8 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps, 80% 1RM |
Bemben, 2010 | Healthy, no RT | 8 | No | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (92%) | 8 exercises, 3 sets, 10 reps, 80% 1RM |
Chilibeck, 2002 | Healthy, no BSE | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3× RT; S-JE; (78%) | 12 exercises, 2 sets, 8–10 reps, ≈ 70–80% 1RM (“a weight that could be lifted comfortably for 10 reps”) |
Campos de Oliveira, 2018 | Healthy, Sed/HA | 6 | Yes | Pilates (strengthening and flexibility; all mains muscle groups) on Pilates “devices.” | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (93%) | 21 exercises (strengthening and flexibility), 1 set, 10 reps, RPE 5–6 at Borg CR10 |
Duff, 2016 | Healthy, no RT | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3× RT; S-JE; (n.g.) | 12 exercises, 2 sets of 8–12 reps to muscular fatigue |
Hartard, 1996 | Osteopenia, < 1 h week | 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines, stretching | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 2× ≈ 60; S-JE; n.g. | 14 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps to “marked fatigue” (≈ 70% 1RM), 3–4 s per reps |
Kerr, 1996 Low intensity | Healthy, no RT | 12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (randomized allocation of the upper or hip/lower limb to exercise or control) on machines or free weights. | LS:? TH: yes | 3× ≈ 120; S-JE; (82%) | 12 exercises; 3 sets, 20 RM (≈ 60–65% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets |
Kerr, 1996 High intensity | Healthy, no RT | 12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (see above) on machines or free weights. | LS:? TH: yes | 3× ≈ 100 S-JE; (82%) | 12 exercises; 3 sets, 8 RM (≈ 75–80% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets |
Kohrt, 1997 | Healthy, Sed/HA | 11 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights, rowing | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 5 × 45–50; n.g. (presumably S-JE); (≈ 70%) | DRT: 2× week, 8 exercises, 2–3 sets, 8–12 reps “to fatigue” (≈ 70–80% 1RM) and rowing: 3× week, 2–3 sets × 10 min at 80–85% HRmax |
Maddalozzo, 2007 | Healthy, n.g. | 12 | Yes | DRT (back squat, deadlifts) with free weights; subordinate: exercises that focus on alignment, flexibility, posture, abdominal strength | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 2 × 50; S-JE; (85%) | 2 exercises, 2 warm-ups sets, 10–12 reps, 50% 1RM; 3 sets, 8–12 reps, 60–75% 1RM; TUT: 1–2 s concentric – 0 s isometric −2-3 s eccentric |
Nelson, 1994 | Healthy, Sed/HA | 12 | Yes | DRT (“most” main muscle groups) on machines. | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 2 × 45; S-JE; (88%) | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps, 80% 1RM; TUT-6-9 s/rep; 3 s rest between reps, 90–120 s rest between sets |
Nicholson, 2015 | Healthy, no RT | 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups): “Body Pump Release 83” (i.e., barbell exercises with (very) low intensity) | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 2 × 50, S-JE; (89%) | 10× ≈ 4–6 min blocks of exercises for all main muscle groups (21 exercises in total); up to 108 reps (squats), ≤ 30% 1RM |
Orsatti, 2013 | Healthy, Sed/HA | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 50–60, S-JE; (n.g.) | 8 exercises 3 sets at 8–12 RM; 3 sets, 20–30 reps for trunk flexion and calf raises; 1–2 min rest |
Pruitt, 1992 | Healthy, no BSE | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (83%) | 11 exercises, 1 set at 10 RM (no more details given) |
Pruitt, 1995 High intensity | Healthy no RT | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (79%) | 10 exercises, 1 warm up set, 14 reps, 40% and 2 sets, 7 reps, 80% 1RM |
Pruitt, 1995 Low intensity | Healthy No RT | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; S-JE; (79%) | 10 exercises, 3 sets, 14 reps, 40% 1RM |
Rhodes, 2000 | Healthy, “no organi-zed sports” | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | LS: Yes TH: Yes | 3 × 60; PS-IE; (86%) | ≥ 6 exercises (n.g. in detail), 3 sets, 8 reps, ≈ 75% 1RM, TUT: 2–3 s concentric – 3-4 s eccentric movement/rep applied in a circuit mode. |
Sinaki, 1989 | Healthy, n.g. | 24 | No | DRT (back strengthening exercise in a prone position using a back pack; ≈hyperextensions) with a free weight | LS: Yes --------- | 5× ≈ 1–2 min; HE; n.g. | One back strengthening exercise, 1 set, 10 reps, with a weight „equivalent to 30% of the maximum isometric back muscle strength in pounds (maximum 23 kg) |
Woo, 2007 | Healthy, no RT | 12 | No | DRT (arm-lifting, hip-abduction, heel raise, hip-flexion,-extension, squat) using resistance bands | LS:? TH: Yes | 3× ≈ 15 min; (n.g.); (76%) | 6 exercises, 1 set, 30 reps with a resistance band “of medium strength” (no more information given). |
Intervention characteristics
Vitamin-D and calcium supplementation
Exercise
First author, year | Eligibility criteria | Random allocation | Allocation concealment | Inter group homogeneity | Blinding subjects | Blinding personnel | Blinding assessors | Participation ≥ 85% allocation | Intention to treat analysis a | Between group comparison | Measure of variability | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bemben, 2000 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Bemben 2010 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Chilibeck, 2002 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
de Oliveira, 2018 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Duff, 2016 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Hartard, 1996 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Kerr, 1996 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Kohrt, 1997 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Maddalozzo, 2007 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Nelson, 1994 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Nicholson, 2015 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Orsatti, 2013 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Pruitt, 1995 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Pruitt, 1992 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Rhodes, 2000 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Sinaki, 1989 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Woo, 2007 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |